Syndecan-1—肿瘤微环境的重要调节者

0 引言 硫酸类肝素蛋白聚糖(heparin-sulfate proteoglycans,HSPGs)由一个核心蛋白和一条或多条硫酸类肝素(heparin-sulphate,HS)链共价结合而成.     

乙酰肝素酶对乳腺癌等恶性肿瘤的影响

乙酰肝素酶是一种哺乳动物的13-D-葡萄糖醛酸内切酶,是一种细胞外基质降解酶。细胞外基质（extracellular matrix,ECM）和基底膜（basement membrane,BM）的构成主要为结构蛋白和糖胺聚糖,乙酰肝素酶主要通过降解糖胺聚糖主要成分乙酰肝素蛋白聚糖（heparan sulfate proteoglycan,HSPG）上的聚糖侧链硫酸乙酰肝素（heparan sulfate,HS）进而降解细胞外基质和基底膜,在乳腺癌等恶性肿瘤的浸润和转移中起重要作用。     

乙酰肝素酶与头颈部肿瘤的侵袭和转移

乙酰肝素酶是迄今发现惟一能裂解细胞外基质内蛋白多糖主要成分-硫酸乙酰肝素蛋白多糖（HSPG）的内源性糖苷内切酶，通过调节细胞和基质中的硫酸乙酰肝素来改变与硫酸乙酰肝素结合的各种生物活性因子的活性，促进肿瘤细胞的侵袭和转移，是目前抗肿瘤治疗研究的焦点。而乙酰肝素酶促进头颈部肿瘤的侵袭和转移也正逐渐被人们认识。     

MHCⅠ类分子-抗原肽单链三聚体的制备及其应用

主要组织相容性复合物（MHC）Ⅰ类分子-抗原肽单链三聚体（SCT）由MHCⅠ类分子的重链、β2微球蛋白及抗原肽分子用接头相连接折叠形成。SCT能有效地维持其共价结构，并稳定地在细胞表面表达，能更有效地激活抗原特异性的CD8^＋细胞毒性T淋巴细胞，从而能更有效地清除病原体感染和恶性肿瘤细胞。     

食管鳞状细胞癌中Rb和p16蛋白表达的免疫组织化学研究

目的探讨与细胞周期调节有关的基因改变在食管鳞状细胞癌中的表达及其意义。方法应用免疫组织化学链霉抗生物素蛋白过氧化物酶连接法（ＳＰ法），检测７３例食管癌中Ｒｂ蛋白和ｐ１６蛋白的表达。结果食管鳞状细胞癌Ｒｂ和ｐ１６蛋白表达阳性率分别为４２５％（３１／７３）和６７１％（４９／７３），Ｒｂ蛋白表达阳性率与食管鳞状细胞癌分级呈显著负相关（Ｐ＜０００５），ｐ１６蛋白表达阳性率与食管鳞状细胞癌分级呈显著正相关（Ｐ＜０００５）。４９例ｐ１６蛋白表达阳性的食管癌中Ｒｂ蛋白表达阴性者３９例，３１例Ｒｂ蛋白表达阳性的食管癌中ｐ１６蛋白表达阴性者２１例，两者呈显著负相关（Ｐ＜０００５）；１０例食管鳞状细胞癌呈Ｒｂ蛋白和ｐ１６蛋白共同表达，３例Ｒｂ蛋白和ｐ１６蛋白表达呈共同阴性。结论Ｒｂ蛋白和ｐ１６蛋白表达的有无可分别作为食管鳞状细胞癌病理分级参考指标之一，并间接证明Ｒｂ蛋白对ｐ１６蛋白表达具有负性调节的功能。     

肿瘤引起T细胞和NK细胞的ζ链水平下调或缺失

ξ（zeta）链是一种跨膜信号蛋白,以二聚体形式表达在T和NK细胞膜上,影响T和NK细胞的活化。在肿瘤患者的肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞（TIL）和外周血淋巴细胞（PBL）中,T和NK细胞ξ链的水平往往比正常人低甚至缺失,从而导致T和NK细胞丧失免疫活性。ξ链水平低下的患者,其存活率常低于ξ链正常的患者而且预后不好。在免疫细胞内,肿瘤诱导活化的caspase能引起ξ链在蛋白水平的降解,而患进行体内的巨噬细胞通过产生H2O2也能降低ξ链的水平,但可被过氧化氢酶抑制。深入研究肿瘤患者ξ链下调机制,对肿瘤的诊断和治疗具有重要意义。     

HS3ST1对肺癌细胞增殖、迁移、侵袭及顺铂耐药的作用机制研究

目的:研究HS3ST1对肺癌细胞A549增殖、迁移、侵袭及顺铂耐药的影响。方法:利用慢病毒感染并构建HS3ST1过表达细胞株;利用Western blot、RT-PCT检测HS3ST1的表达;利用CCK8实验、Transwell迁移实验和细胞毒性实验检测HS3ST1对A549细胞增殖、迁移、侵袭和顺铂耐药的影响;利用Western blot检测NF-κB信号通路的蛋白改变;利用GEO数据库（GSE108214）进行顺铂耐药基因分析,利用GEO数据库（GSE30219）数据分析HS3ST1表达水平对肺癌患者总生存时间（overall survival,OS）的影响。结果:HS3ST1在肺癌细胞及肺癌组织中呈高表达,中晚期（Ⅲ-Ⅳ期）肺癌组织中HS3ST1表达高于早期（Ⅰ-Ⅱ期）肺癌组织;过表达HS3ST1促进A549细胞的增殖、迁移和侵袭;GEO数据库（GSE108214）分析显示顺铂耐药细胞株高表达HS3ST1;细胞毒性实验表明过表达HS3ST1导致肺癌细胞顺铂耐药;过表达HS3ST1活化p65及p-p65;GEO数据库（GSE30219）数据显示高表达HS3ST1肺癌患者OS显著缩短。结论:HS3ST1可能通过NF-κB信号通路促进肺癌细胞的增殖、迁移、侵袭及顺铂耐药,高表达HS3ST1肺癌患者预后较差。     

用抗-MICA单抗调理的肿瘤细胞负载树突状细胞能有效激发肿瘤抗原特异性T细胞应答

树突状细胞（DC）能激发肿瘤抗原特异性免疫应答。DC疫苗开发中的两个关键问题是肿瘤抗原的来源和负载方式。Groh等以MHC—I链相关蛋白A（MICA）这一几乎稳定表达于所有肿瘤细胞的表面分子，作为体外抗体调理肿瘤细胞的靶分子，观察用经抗-MICA单抗调理的肿瘤细胞负载DC是否能有效促进肿瘤抗原的递呈与特异性T细胞应答。     

p53蛋白和MDM 2蛋白在食管鳞状细胞癌中的表达及意义

为了探讨肿瘤抑制基因ｐ５３和癌基因ＭＤＭ２在食管鳞状细胞癌中的表达及其意义，采用免疫组织化学链菌素亲生物素蛋白过氧化物酶连接法（ＳＰ法），检测了６８例食管鳞状细胞癌中ｐ５３蛋白和ＭＤＭ２蛋白的表达，结果显示ｐ５３蛋白和ＭＤＭ２蛋白阳性率分别为６０．３％（４１／６８）和４２．６％（２９／６８），ｐ５３蛋白阳性率与食管鳞状细胞癌分级呈显著正相关（Ｐ＜０．０１），ＭＤＭ２蛋白阳性率与食管鳞状细胞癌分级呈显著负相关（Ｐ＜０．０１），并与食管鳞状细胞癌临床病理分期呈显著负相关（Ｐ＜０．０５）。在６８例食管鳞状细胞癌中，ｐ５３蛋白阳性表达者４１例，其中ｐ５３蛋白和ＭＤＭ２蛋白表达均阳性者１２例，ＭＤＭ２蛋白表达阴性者２９例；在６８例食管癌中，ＭＤＭ２蛋白阳性表达者２９例，其中ＭＤＭ２与ｐ５３蛋白均阳性者１２例，ｐ５３蛋白表达阴性者１７例，两者呈显著负相关（Ｐ＜０．０１），ｐ５３蛋白和ＭＤＭ２蛋白表达均阴性者１０例。可以认为ｐ５３蛋白和ＭＤＭ２蛋白表达可作为食管鳞状细胞癌病理分级参考指标之一，ＭＤＭ２蛋白表达还可作为食管鳞状细胞癌临床病理分期的参考指标之一，并间接证明ＭＤＭ２蛋白对ｐ５３蛋白表达具有负性调节作用。     

多囊蛋白在肿瘤研究中的新进展

多囊蛋白（polycystin，PC）作为一个细胞表面的膜受体，是一种位于细胞表面的多功能跨膜蛋白，在多种上皮细胞中表达。作为一种新型的机械敏感分子，参与常染色体显性多囊肾病、多囊肝等疾病中囊肿形成扩张、骨骼生长发育及创伤愈合等多种生理病理过程。近年来研究发现多囊蛋白与肿瘤的发生发展密切相关,通过cAMP/PKA、Wnt/β-catenin、mTOR、GSK3β等多个信号传导通路，参与肿瘤细胞的增殖、黏附、凋亡及迁移过程，并与肿瘤治疗及预后相关。现总结近年来PC在肿瘤中的生物学作用及研究进展作一综述。     

Bacteria and cancer--antagonisms and benefits

There is considerable historical and recent evidence concerning the antagonisms between acute bacterial infections or their toxins and cancer and allied diseases. These data provide renewed incentives to undertake clinical programmes with mixed bacterial vaccines in many countries at the present time.     

VEGF及KDR在大肠腺瘤和腺癌中的表达及意义

目的：探讨VEGF和KDR在大肠腺瘤和大肠腺癌中的表达及临床病理特征的关系。方法：大肠腺瘤和大肠腺癌组织标本各100例,采用免疫组织化学染色法检测VEGF和KDR在标本中的表达情况。结果：VEGF和KDR在大肠腺癌组中的阳性表达明显高于大肠腺瘤组（P〈0.05）;在正常大肠黏膜均未见VEGF和KDR表达的阳性染色;VEGF阳性表达组中KDR的阳性表达率为70%,显著高于VEGF阴性表达组中KDR的阳性表达率16%,两组比较有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论：大肠腺癌组织中KDR的表达与肿瘤大小、转移情况、浸润深度密切相关;VEGF和KDR在大肠腺瘤中的表达与患者的年龄、性别及分型均无相关性,而与增生程度相关（P〈0.05）。在大肠腺癌患者中VEGF及KDR表达更高,二者具有协同效应。     

Religiosity and physical and emotional functioning among African American and White colorectal and lung cancer patients

The literature suggests that religiosity helps cope with illness. The present study examined the role of religiosity in functioning among African Americans and Whites with a cancer diagnosis. Patients were recruited from an existing study and mailed a religiosity survey. Participants (N = 269; 36% African American, 56% women) completed the mail survey, and interview data from the larger cohort was utilized in the analysis. Multivariate analyses indicated that in the overall sample religious behaviors were marginally and positively associated with mental health and negatively with depressive symptoms. Among women, religious behaviors were positively associated with mental health and negatively with depressive symptoms. Religiosity was not a predictor of study outcomes for men. Among African Americans, religious behaviors were positively associated with mental health and vitality. Among Whites, religious behaviors were negatively associated with depressive symptoms. These findings suggest a mixed role of religious involvement in cancer outcomes. The current findings may have applied potential in the areas of emotional functioning and depression.     

Genetic polymorphisms of alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases and risk for esophageal and head and neck cancers

Alcoholic beverages are causally related to cancer of the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx and esophagus. Ethanol is oxidized to acetaldehyde and then to acetate by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), both of which have genetic polymorphisms. A review of case-control studies of the effects of ALDH2, ADH2 and ADH3 genotypes shows consistently positive associations between inactive heterozygous ALDH2 and the less-active ADH2 genotypes and the risk for esophageal cancer in East Asian heavy drinkers and this enzyme-related vulnerability may extend to light-to-moderate drinkers. Some studies suggest similar associations with the risk for head and neck cancer in moderate-to-heavy-drinking Japanese. An established carcinogen in experimental animals, acetaldehyde can interact with human DNA. ALDH2-associated cancer susceptibility fits into a scenario in which acetaldehyde plays a critical role in the development of human cancer. Alcohol flushing and drinking behavior may partly explain this carcinogenic effect in carriers of less-active ADH2 genotypes. Whether the ADH3 genotype influences head and neck cancer risk in Western nations is controversial. Professional and public education about risky conditions connected to the ALDH2 and ADH2 genotypes and environmental factors is important in a new strategic approach to the prevention of alcohol-related cancers in East Asians. The use of simple tests to identify inactive ALDH2 on the basis of alcohol flushing responses could benefit many people, by helping them to identify their own cancer risks. Such testing could also help clinicians diagnose esophageal cancer earlier, through the use of endoscopic screening in the high-risk population.     

Religiosity and Physical and Emotional Functioning Among African American and White Colorectal and Lung Cancer Patients

The literature suggests that religiosity helps cope with illness. The present study examined the role of religiosity in functioning among African Americans and Whites with a cancer diagnosis. Patients were recruited from an existing study and mailed a religiosity survey. Participants (N = 269; 36% African American, 56% women) completed the mail survey, and interview data from the larger cohort was utilized in the analysis. Multivariate analyses indicated that in the overall sample religious behaviors were marginally and positively associated with mental health and negatively with depressive symptoms. Among women, religious behaviors were positively associated with mental health and negatively with depressive symptoms. Religiosity was not a predictor of study outcomes for men. Among African Americans, religious behaviors were positively associated with mental health and vitality. Among Whites, religious behaviors were negatively associated with depressive symptoms. These findings suggest a mixed role of religious involvement in cancer outcomes. The current findings may have applied potential in the areas of emotional functioning and depression.     

New and emerging radiosensitizers and radioprotectors

The combination of chemotherapy and radiation has led to clinical breakthroughs in several disease sites, and current work continues to define optimum combinations of proven chemotherapy as well as more recently available, noncytotoxic agents. Administration of systemic therapies allows modulation of radiation response to improve tumor control (radiosensitization) or to prevent normal tissue toxicity (radioprotection). Substantial progress has been made in identifying the targets of standard chemotherapeutic radiation sensitizers and protectors as well as in the introduction of a new generation of molecularly targeted therapies in combination with radiation. We have reviewed the most recent, predominantly early phase clinical trials combining systemic agents with radiation. Although the proof of an improved schedule ultimately needs to come from well-run Phase III trials, the search among schedules could be shortened by the use of surrogate endpoints such as presence of active drug metabolites in the tumor. This has been accomplished only in a few cases and needs to become a more standard part of radiation sensitizer and protector trials.