血液透析患者死亡原因分析

目的：分析血液透析(hemodialysis,HD)患者的死亡原因,探讨影响生存的相关危险因素,为提高HD患者生存率提供依据。方法：分析1998-01-01～2008-12-31HD死亡患者的临床资料,分析其死亡原因。结果：同期HD患者共811例,死亡237例,死亡患者透始中位年龄岁67(19～87岁),男性占60.8％,中位生存时间9.6月(0.1～96.6月)。主要死因为心血管疾病(20.3％)、脑血管疾病(16.5％)、感染(24.9％)[与非心脑血管疾病死因患者相比,死于心脑血管疾病的HD患者女性比例(43.7％vs36.7％,P＜0.05)、糖尿病肾病的比例(25.0％vs11.1％,P＜0.05)、HD前有左室肥厚史的比例(9.6％vs4.7％,P＜0.05)、充血性心衰病史的比例(23.3％vs13.4％,P＜0.05)较高,体质量指数(BMI)(21.1 kg/m2vs23.6 kg/m2,P＜0.05)、eGFR(7.6 ml/min·1.72 m2vs10.0 ml/min·1.72m2,P＜0.05)较低]。Logistic回归分析提示BMI较低、透析前有充血性心衰史和左室肥厚史是HD患者死于心血管疾病的危险因素。与非感染死因患者相比,死于感染的HD患者透始年龄较大(66岁vs62岁,P＜0.05)、透析前血白蛋白较低(30.2g/Lvs33.1g/L,P＜0.05)。Logistic回归分析提示透始年龄大、透析前低白蛋白是HD患者死于感染的危险因素。33.3％患者于HD开始3月内死亡,其主要死亡原因为感染(38.0％)、心血管疾病(22.8％)、脑血管疾病(11.4％)。HD开始3月内死亡患者的慢性肾小球肾炎比例(20.6％vs36.2％,P＜0.05)、透析前血钙(1.91 mmol/Lvs2.18 mmol/L,P＜0.05)、血白蛋白(29.2g/Lvs34.7g/L,P＜0.05)、CO2-CP(18.52 mmol/Lvs22.15 mmol/L,P＜0.05)、eGFR(7.55 ml/min·1.72m2vs10.29ml/min·1.72m2,P＜0.05)均显著较低,HD前有充血性心力衰竭病史的比例(19.4％vs16.3％,P＜0.05)、Charlson并发症指数(CCI)=5～10的比例(25.4％vs13.5％,P＜0.05)显著较高。Logistic回归分析提示透析前低白蛋白血症、eGFR较低、充血性心力衰竭史、CCI≥5是HD 3个月内死亡的危险因素。结论：HD患者主要死亡原因为心、脑血管疾病和感染。在HD开始3月内死亡风险较高,尤其是透析前血白蛋白较低、有充血性心力衰竭病史、CCI≥5和开始透析时机较晚的患者。积极改善患者的营养状况、防治心脑血管疾病、感染等并发症、适时开始HD可能有助于提高患者的早期生存率。     

老年血液透析和腹膜透析患者的死亡原因分析北大核心CSCD

目的比较北京医院肾内科近10年间死亡的老年血液透析(HD)患者和腹膜透析(PD)患者的死亡原因和生存时间。方法收集我中心2010年1月至2019年1月期间死亡的60岁以上的老年血液净化患者,详细记录患者性别、年龄、原发病、有无糖尿病、开始透析时间、死亡时间及导致死亡的直接原因等。结果共有153例患者,平均年龄为(76.6±7.7)岁,中位透析时间为54.1(26.9,86.4)月,其中有83例患者合并糖尿病(54.2%)。根据透析方式将患者分成HD(114例)和PD(39例)两组,HD和PD患者的平均年龄分别为(77.1±7.9)岁和(75.0±7.0)岁,中位透析时间分别为56.5(27.4,104.2)月和48.3(26.3,66.6)月。HD和PD患者的原发疾病均主要为糖尿病肾病(DN,32.5%和48.7%)、慢性肾小球肾炎(29.8%和17.9%)和高血压肾损害(21.1%和10.3%),HD和PD患者前三位的死亡原因均为心血管疾病(32.4%和43.6%)、感染(29.8%和28.2%)和脑血管疾病(11.4%和15.4%),两组患者间原发疾病和死亡原因的构成相似,组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。生存曲线分析发现合并糖尿病的透析患者存活时间短于不合并糖尿病的患者(χ2=12.829,Log Rank P<0.001),HD患者的总体生存时间长于PD患者(χ2=8.161,Log Rank P=0.004)。在不合并糖尿病的透析患者中,HD患者的生存时间长于PD患者(Z=-2.716,P=0.007);在合并糖尿病的透析患者中,HD和PD患者的生存时间相当(Z=-0.581,P=0.561)。结论老年透析患者中糖尿病肾病的占比高,老年透析患者主要的死亡原因是心、脑血管疾病和感染;老年HD患者总体生存时间优于PD患者。     

中老年尿毒症患者不同透析方案状态下C-反应蛋白与甲状腺功能的相关性

目的 探讨中老年终末期肾衰竭患者不同透析方案状态下C-反应蛋白(CRP)与甲状腺功能的变化及相关性.方法 将中老年尿毒症维持性透析患者分为两组:血液透析(HD)组(n=30),腹膜透析(PD)组(n=30);另外纳入30例健康者设为正常对照组.比较三组人群血清CRP、促甲状腺激素(TSH)、游离T3(FT3)、游离T4(FT4)之间的关系.结果 HD组和PD组FT3、FT4显著低于正常对照组(P＜0.05),CRP显著高于正常对照组(P＜0.05).FT3和FT4在HD组和PD组相比没有显著差异(P＞0.05).PD组TSH水平显著高于HD组与正常对照组(P＜0.05).HD组CRP与FT3呈负相关,但在PD组中没有发现相关性.结论 炎症反应可能与低FI3综合征有关,但在PD患者中没有发现此关联.     

血透与腹透患者血清脂蛋白(a)的变化及意义

目的观察血透(HD)与腹透(PD)患者之间脂蛋白(a)[lipoprotein(a),Lp(a)]及脂质水平影响的差别及其临床意义.方法对68例HD患者及50例PD患者的临床及实验室资料作研究,比较两种透析方式对血Lp(a)及脂质水平影响的差别,分析血Lp(a)与其他相关因素特别是与心脑血管事件的关系.结果HD与PD患者血Lp(a)水平均较对照组呈显著性升高(P＜0.05),其中PD组较HD组更高(P＜0.01);HD组血Tch较对照组及PD组均呈显著性下降(P＜0.05)、血HDL-C较对照组呈显著性下降(P＜0.01);PD组血TG较对照组及HD组均呈显著性升高(P＜0.05);血ApoA、ApoB100与对照组间无统计学差异.HD与PD患者血Lp(a)水平与超声心动图异常(P＜0.05)、ECG异常(P＜0.001)及心脑血管事件的发生(P＜0.01)、24h腹水蛋白质浓度(P＜0.01)、血Tch及LDL-C浓度(P＜0.05)、纤维蛋白原(P＜0.05)呈正相关;而与血浆白蛋白浓度(P＜0.05)、24h腹水Lp(a)浓度(P＜0.05)呈负相关.结论HD与PD患者普遍存在严重的脂质代谢变化,其中以血Lp(a)、TG、HDL-C变化尤为显著,PD组由于长期吸收大量葡萄糖,因此脂质代谢紊乱更为明显.Lp(a)有可能是HD、PD患者并发心脑血管事件的危险因素之一.     

腹膜透析患者第一年死亡的危险因素分析

目的:分析腹膜透析(PD)患者透析第一年死亡的相关危险因素,并探讨其干预措施。方法:收集南京医科大学第一附属医院PD中心2003年1月至2014年3月248例PD患者的临床资料,分析18例在透析第一年内死亡的患者的危险因素。结果:患者一年内死亡的原因分别为肺部感染7例(38.89%),心血管事件5例(27.78%),全身衰竭1例(5.56%),脑血管事件1例(5.56%),消化道出血1例(5.56%),肿瘤1例(5.56%),感染性休克1例(5.56%),多脏器功能衰竭1例(5.56%)。一年内死亡组与存活组资料比较分析,死亡组年龄高于对照组,且更多合并糖尿病、肺部感染、心血管疾病及使用免疫抑制剂(P0.01)。将两组患者的辅助检查结果进行对比,死亡组患者估算的肾小球滤过率(e GFR)及C反应蛋白(CRP)高于对照组(P0.05),血清白蛋白(Alb)(P0.01)、血清肌酐(P0.01)及血钾(P0.05)均低于对照组。结论:高龄、糖尿病、肺部感染、心血管疾病、使用免疫抑制剂、低钾血症均是PD患者在透析第一年死亡的危险因素,低Alb和高CRP是其独立危险因素。积极控制感染、纠正低钾血症、改善营养及微炎症状态有利于改善PD患者的生存。     

不同透析方式对老年尿毒症患者皮肤瘙痒症的疗效观察

目的观察不同透析方式对老年尿毒症患者皮肤瘙痒症的疗效,以为患者选择合适的透析方式。方法选取2013年6月-2015年5月在我院进行维持性血液透析且有皮肤瘙痒症的老年尿毒症患者71例,其中,HD组(血液透析)24例,联合组(血液透析联合血液透析滤过)22例,PD组(腹膜透析)25例,统计比较三组患者皮肤瘙痒评分、治疗效果。结果在瘙痒评分上,HD组无显著变化(P0.05),联合组和PD组显著降低(P0.05),且PD组评分明显低于联合组(P0.05);在治疗效果效果上,联合组和PD组显著优于HD组(P0.05),联合组和PD组间差异不显著(P0.05)。结论腹膜透析、血液透析联合血液透析滤过方法对老年尿毒症患者皮肤瘙痒者有良好疗效,可以有效改善患者的瘙痒症状,提高患者生存质量,具有临床推广使用价值。     

终末期肾脏疾病对机体免疫功能的影响

血液透析(HD)和腹膜透析(PD)技术已有显著进步,但终末期肾脏疾病(end-stage renal disease,ESRD)患者年死亡率仍高达20%,其中70%死于心血管疾病(cardiovascular disease,CVD)或感染性疾病[1,2]。免疫功能紊乱是尿毒症患者一个突出表现,但它在CVD和感染中的作用目前尚无明确结论     

透与腹透患者血清脂蛋白（a）的变化及意义

目的：观察血透（HD）与腹透（PD）患者之间脂蛋白（a)[lipoprotein(a),Lp(a)]及脂质水平影响的差别及其临床意义。方法：对68例HD患者及50例PD患者的临床及实验室资料作研究，比较两种透析方式对血Lp(a)及脂质水平影响的差别，分析血Lp(a）与其他相关因素特别是与心脑血管事件的关系。结果：HD与PD患者血Lp(a）水平均较对照组呈显著性升高（P＜0.05），其中PD组较HD组更高（P＜0.01）；HD组血Tch较对照组及PD组无呈显著性下降（P＜0.05）、血HDL－C较对照组呈显著性下降（P＜0.01）；PD组血TG较对照组及HD组均呈显生升高（P＜0.05）；血ApoA、ApoB100与对照组间无统计学差异。HD与PD患者血Lp(a)水平与超声心动图异常(（P＜0.05）、EG异常（P＜0.001）及心脑血管事件的发生（P＜0.01）、24h腹水蛋白质浓度（P＜0.01）、血Tch及LDL-C浓度（P＜0.05）、纤维蛋白原（P＜0.05）呈正相关；而与血浆白蛋白浓度（P＜0.05）、24h腹水Lp(a)浓度（P＜0.05）呈负相关。结论：HD与PD患者普遍存在严重的脂质代谢变化，其中以血Lp(a)、TG、HDL－C变化尤为显著，PD组由于长期吸收大量葡萄糖，因此脂质代谢紊乱更为明显。Lp(a）有可能是HD、PD患者并发心脑血管事件的危险因素之一。     

糖尿病终末期肾病患者透析方式的探讨

目的比较腹膜透析（PD）及血液透析（HD）对糖尿病终末期肾病患者长期预后的影响,以便为临床选取适当治疗方法提供参考。方法将131例糖尿病终末期肾病患者分为HD组（58例）和PD组（73例）,比较两组患者的血液生化指标、生存率和死亡原因。结果两组患者年龄比较无显著性差异,但大于65岁的老年糖尿病患者PD组明显增多（P〈0．01）。透析第1、第2年两组患者死亡率比较无显著性差异,第3、4年PD组死亡率大幅上升,显著高于HD组（P〈0．01）。HD组18例死亡患者中,年龄大于65岁者4例（22．2％）;PD组29例死亡患者中,年龄大于65岁者17例（58．6％）,两组比较有显著性差异（P〈0．01）。HD组死亡主要原因为脑血管病变（占38．9％）,PD组死亡主要原因为感染（占34．5％）。PD组空腹血糖、甘油三酯、胆固醇均高于HD组,两组比较差异有显著性（P〈0．01）。PD组患者血浆白蛋白、血钾明显低于HD组（P〈0．01）。结论糖尿病终末期肾病患者适于PD,但PD组患者2年以上远期生存率明显低于HD组,尤其是大于65岁高龄糖尿病患者PD死亡率明显上升。腹膜透析相对于血液透析仍存在局限性。     

不同血液净化方式对维持性血液透析老年患者皮肤瘙痒的影响

目的 探讨不同血液净化方式对维持性血液透析(HD)老年患者皮肤瘙痒的疗效.方法 维持性HD且伴有皮肤瘙痒的老年患者63例随机分为(HD)组、HD-血液灌流(HP) (HD-HP)组和高通量透析(HPD)组,每组各21例.于首次透析前、后和透析12w后观察尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(SCr)、血钙、血磷、甲状旁腺激素(PTH)、β2-微球蛋白(β2-MG)、尿素清除指数(Kt/V)值及可视模拟评分(VAS)变化.结果 3组透析前后及治疗12w后BUN、Cr、血钙和Kt/V值差异不显著(P＞0.0.5).HPD组和HD-HP组首次透析后及12 w后的血磷、PTH和β2-MG与透析前及HD组差异显著(P＜0.05),但HPD组和HD-HP组差异不显著(P＞0.0.5).12w后3组的VAS评分较透析前均降低(P＜0.05),以HPD组和HD-HP组显著,与HD组差异均显著(P＜0.05),但两组间差异不显著(P＞0.0.5).结论 HPD和HD-HP均显著减低血磷水平、清楚PTH,有效缓解患者的皮肤瘙痒症状,而且两种方法效果相近,均可作为治疗维持性HD老年患者皮肤瘙痒的有效血液净化方式.     

Dialysis patients and cardiovascular problems: Can technology help solve the complex equation?

Patients with end-stage kidney disease undergoing chronic hemodialysis (HD) present higher mortality rates compared with the general population. Once patients are on HD, the risk of cardiovascular death is approximately 30 times higher than in the general population and remains 10-20 times higher after stratification for age, gender, and the presence of diabetes. About half the deaths of patients on dialysis are attributed to cardiovascular causes including coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, and heart failure. The cardiovascular burden of the HD patient arises from three different sources: risks inherent to the patient and the uremic syndrome, traditional risk factors, and risk factors related to the dialysis therapy. Based on these considerations and the fact that several aspects of the dialysis procedure can either add to the cardiovascular burden or modify the existing burden, new technologies should be directed towards the approach of a potential 'cardioprotective dialysis therapy'; such an approach may be facilitated by the application of new techniques and advanced dialysis machines. Created to make dialysis easy and safe, new machines feature several options that make patient monitoring and online hemodiafiltration therapy routine procedures. These and other features will possibly make dialysis better tolerated and more efficient in protecting patients from undesirable or potentially fatal cardiovascular events.     

China collaborative study on dialysis: a multi-centers cohort study on cardiovascular diseases in patients on maintenance dialysis

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the main cause of death in patients on chronic dialysis. The question whether dialysis modality impacts cardiovascular risk remains to be addressed. China Collaborative Study on Dialysis, a multi-centers cohort study, was performed to evaluate cardiovascular morbidity during maintenance hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD). Result The cohort consisted of chronic dialysis patients from the database of 9 of the largest dialysis facilities around China. The inclusion period was between January 1, 2005, and December 1, 2010. Cardiovascular morbidity was defined as the presence of clinically diagnosed ischemic heart disease, heart failure, peripheral vascular disease, and/or stroke. The patients who had cardiovascular morbidity before initiation of dialysis were excluded. Data collection was based on review of medical record. A total of 2,388 adult patients (1,775 on HD and 613 on PD) were enrolled. Cardiovascular morbidity affected 57% patients and was comparable between HD and PD patients. However, clinically diagnosed ischemic heart disease and stroke was more prevalent in PD than HD patients. When the patients were stratified by age or dialysis vintage, the cardiovascular morbidity was significantly higher in PD than HD among those aged 50 years or older, or those receiving dialysis over 36 months. Multivariate analysis revealed that the risk factors for cardiovascular morbidity had different pattern in PD and HD patients. Hyperglycemia was the strongest risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity in PD, but not in HD patients. Hypertriglyceridemia and hypoalbuminemia were independently associated with CVD only in PD patients. CONCLUSIONS: Cardiovascular morbidity during chronic dialysis was more prevalent in PD than HD patients among those with old age and long-term dialysis. Metabolic disturbance-related risk factors were independently associated with CVD only in PD patients. Better understanding the impact of dialysis modality on CVD would be an important step for prevention and treatment.     

Accumulation of tissue advanced glycation end products correlated with glucose exposure dose and associated with cardiovascular morbidity in patients on peritoneal dialysis

ObjectivesAccumulation of tissue advanced glycation end products (AGEs) is a marker of cumulative glycemic and/or oxidative stress. Cutaneous AGEs levels measured by skin autofluorescence correlate well with cardiovascular outcomes in diabetes and hemodialysis (HD) patients. The present study aimed to compare tissue AGEs levels with peritoneal dialysis (PD) and HD patients and to evaluate the relationship between skin autofluorescence and cardiovascular morbidity in patients on PD.MethodsA total of 2388 maintenance dialysis patients (613 PD and 1775 HD) were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Skin autofluorescence was measured non-invasively with an autofluorescence reader. Cardiovascular morbidity was defined as clinically diagnosed ischemic heart disease, heart failure, stroke or peripheral vascular disease from initiation of dialysis.ResultsMore than 90% of patients on both PD and HD had met current dialysis adequacy targets. Compared to HD group, PD patients receiving conventional glucose-containing dialyzate had significantly higher skin autofluorescence values in each category of age and dialysis duration, irrespective of the presence or absence of diabetes. In PD patients, skin autofluorescence values were strongly correlated with the duration of PD and glucose exposure dose and independently associated with cardiovascular morbidity. Multivariate analysis revealed that glucose exposure dose and skin autofluorescence were the strongest risk factors for cardiovascular morbidity in PD patients after adjustment by age, gender, and other classic- or uremic-related risk factors.ConclusionsAccumulation of tissue AGEs provides a potential link between PD exposure of metabolic stress and progression of cardiovascular disease in patients on PD.     

Impacto de la modalidad de diálisis sobre la morbimortalidad tras el fracaso del injerto renal: análisis con eventos competitivos

Background and objectiveThe number of patients who start dialysis due to graft failure increases every day. The best dialysis modality for this type of patient is not well defined and most patients are referred to HD. The objective of our study is to evaluate the impact of the dialysis modality on morbidity and mortality in transplant patients who start dialysis after graft failure.Material and methodsA multicentre retrospective observation and cohort study was performed to compare the evolution of patients who started dialysis after graft failure from January 2000 to December 2013. One group started on PD and the other on HD. The patients were followed until the change of dialysis technique, retransplantation or death. Anthropometric data, comorbidity, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) at start of dialysis, the presence of an optimal access for dialysis, the appearance of graft intolerance and retransplantation were analysed. We studied the causes for the first 10 hospital admissions after starting dialysis. For the statistical analysis, the presence of competitive events that hindered the observation of the event of interest, death or hospital admission was analysed.Results175 patients were included, 86 in DP and 89 in HD. The patients who started PD were younger, had less comorbidity and started dialysis with lower eGFR than those on HD. The mean follow-up was 34 ± 33 months, with a median of 24 months (IQR 7 - 50 months), Patients on HD had longer follow-up than patients on PD (35 vs. 18 months, p = < 0.001). The mortality risk factors were age sHR 1.06 (95% CI: 1.033 - 1.106, p = 0.000), non-optimal use of access for dialysis sHR 3.00 (95% CI: 1.507 - 5.982, p = 0.028) and the dialysis modality sHR (PD / HD) 0.36 (95% CI: 0.148 - 0.890, p = 0.028). Patients on PD had a lower risk of hospital admission sHR [DP / HD] 0.52 (95% CI: 0.369-0.743, p = < 0.001) and less probability of developing graft intolerance HR 0.307 (95% CI 0.142-0.758, p = 0.009).ConclusionsWith the limitations of a retrospective and non-randomized study, it is the first time nationwide that PD shows in terms of survival to be better than HD during the first year and a half after the kidney graft failure. The presence of a non-optimal access for dialysis was an independent and modifiable risk factor for mortality. Early referral of patients to advanced chronic kidney disease units is essential for the patient to choose the technique that best suits their circumstances and to prepare an optimal access for the start of dialysis.     

Cause‐Specific Excess Mortality Among Dialysis Patients: Comparison With the General Population in Japan

Despite significant therapeutic advances, mortality of dialysis patients remains unacceptably high. The aim of this study is to compare mortality and its causes in dialysis patients with those in the general Japanese population. We used data for 2008 and 2009 from the Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy registry and a national Vital Statistics survey. Cardiovascular mortality was defined as death attributed to heart failure, cerebrovascular disorders, myocardial infarction, hyperkalemia/sudden death, and pulmonary thromboembolism. Non‐cardiovascular mortality was defined as death attributed to infection, malignancies, cachexia/uremia, chronic hepatitis/cirrhosis, ileus, bleeding, suicide/refusal of treatment, and miscellaneous. We calculated standardized mortality ratios and age‐adjusted mortality differences between dialysis patients and the general population for all‐cause, cardiovascular versus non‐cardiovascular, and cause‐specific mortality. During the 2‐year study period, there were 2 284 272 and 51 432 deaths out of 126 million people and 273 237 dialysis patients, respectively. The standardized mortality ratio for all‐cause mortality was 4.6 (95% confidence interval, 4.6–4.7) for the dialysis patients compared to the general population. Age‐adjusted mortality differences for cardiovascular and non‐cardiovascular disease were 33.1 and 30.0 per 1000 person‐years, respectively. The standardized mortality rate ratios were significant for all cause‐specific mortality rates except accidental death. Our study revealed that excess mortality in dialysis patients compared to the general population in Japan is large, and differs according to age and cause of death. Cause‐specific mortality studies should be planned to improve life expectancies of dialysis patients.     

A comparative assessment of survival between propensity score-matched patients with peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis in Taiwan

Studies comparing mortality for Asian populations with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD) are limited. We compared mortality between patients treated with PD and HD in Taiwan, the population with the highest incidence of ESRD worldwide. Using the population-based insurance claims data of Taiwan from 1997 to 2006, we identified 4721 patients treated with PD and randomly selected 4721 patients treated with HD who were frequency-matched to the PD patients based on their propensity scores. In follow-up analyses we measured mortalities and hazard ratios associated with comorbidities in 2 different 5-year cohorts (1997-2001 and 2002-2006).In the 10-year period from 1997 to 2006, the overall mortality rates were similar in patients treated with PD and in patients treated with HD (12.0 vs. 11.7 per 100 person-years, respectively), with a PD-to-HD hazard ratio of 1.02 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.96-1.08). In the first 5-year period (1997-2001), the hazard ratio for mortality was higher for PD (1.33; 95% CI, 1.21-1.46), but there was no difference between PD and HD in the 2002-2006 cohort. Of note, younger patients who received PD had better survival than younger patients who received HD; this was especially true for patients aged younger than 40 years.In summary, in this Asian population, no significant survival differences were noted between propensity score-matched PD and HD patients. The selection of a dialysis modality must be tailored to the individual patient. Studies in which patients who are appropriate for either modality are randomly assigned to HD or PD may provide helpful information to clinicians and patients.     

Effects of starting hemodialysis with an arteriovenous fistula or central venous catheter compared with peritoneal dialysis: a retrospective cohort study

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Although several studies have demonstrated early survival advantages with peritoneal dialysis (PD) over hemodialysis (HD), the reason for the excess mortality observed among incident HD patients remains to be established, to our knowledge. This study explores the relationship between mortality and dialysis modality, focusing on the role of HD vascular access type at the time of dialysis initiation. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was performed among local adult chronic kidney disease patients who consecutively initiated PD and HD with a tunneled cuffed venous catheter (HD-TCC) or a functional arteriovenous fistula (HD-AVF) in our institution in the year 2008. A total of 152 patients were included in the final analysis (HD-AVF, n = 59; HD-TCC, n = 51; PD, n = 42). All cause and dialysis access-related morbidity/mortality were evaluated at one year. Univariate and multivariate analysis were used to compare the survival of PD patients with those who initiated HD with an AVF or with a TCC. RESULTS: Compared with PD patients, both HD-AVF and HD-TCC patients were more likely to be older (p<0.001) and to have a higher frequency of diabetes mellitus (p = 0.017) and cardiovascular disease (p = 0.020). Overall, HD-TCC patients were more likely to have clinical visits (p = 0.069), emergency room visits (p<0.001) and hospital admissions (p<0.001). At the end of follow-up, HD-TCC patients had a higher rate of dialysis access-related complications (1.53 vs. 0.93 vs. 0.64, per patient-year; p<0.001) and hospitalizations (0.47 vs. 0.07 vs. 0.14, per patient-year; p = 0.034) than HD-AVF and PD patients, respectively. The survival rates at one year were 96.6%, 74.5% and 97.6% for HD-AVF, HD-TCC and PD groups, respectively (p<0.001). In multivariate analysis, HD-TCC use at the time of dialysis initiation was the important factor associated with death (HR 16.128, 95%CI [1.431-181.778], p = 0.024). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that HD vascular access type at the time of renal replacement therapy initiation is an important modifier of the relationship between dialysis modality and survival among incident dialysis patients.     

Association Between Dialysis Modalities and Risk of Coronary Artery Disease: A Population‐Based Cohort Study in Taiwan

The hemodynamic effects of hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD) on end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) patients differ. The influence of dialysis modalities on the cardiovascular system has not been well investigated. We aimed to evaluate the association between dialysis modalities and risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) by using the claim data of Taiwan's Longitudinal Health Insurance Database. This study followed up a cohort of 1624 new onset ESRD patients (≥18 years old), who had started renal replacement therapy during 2000 to 2010; and was followed until 2012. After adjusting for potential confounders, patients who underwent HD had significantly higher risks of incidence of CAD, in comparison with patients who underwent PD (adjusted hazard ratio = 1.47; 95% confidence interval = 1.01–2.11). An increased risk of incident CAD was distinguished in patients receiving HD, compared with those on PD. Further studies are warranted to explore the underlying mechanism and improve dialysis outcomes.     

老年人急性肾功能衰竭的临床特点

目的：探讨老年急性肾功能衰竭（ARF）的临床特点,方法：将151例ARF病人分为老年组（47例）和对照组（104例）,并比较两组病人的临床资料、治疗方法和预后。结果老年组引起ARF最常邮病因是感染,明显高于对照组（P＜0．01）,而肾实质性疾病引起的ARF明显低于对照组（P＜0．01）。多脏器功能衰竭的发生率、病死率均明显高于对照组（P＜0．01）。治疗开始前血清肌酐水平明显低于对照组（P＜0．01）。接受透析治疗病例数明显低于对照组P＜0．01）。结论老年ARF的原发疾病及临床经过有其特殊性。加强透析治疗,尤其早期预防透析是治疗成功的关键,预后与年龄、原发病能否控制及透析时机的选择有关。