4＇-溴甲基-2-联苯甲酸甲酯的合成

目的:合成4′-溴甲基-2-联苯甲酸甲酯.方法:以2-氰基-4′-甲基联苯为原料,经水解,酯化,溴代3步反应合成4′-溴甲基-2-联苯甲酸甲酯.结果:合成了4′-溴甲基-2-联苯甲酸甲酯,总收率70%.结论:本合成方法提高了反应收率,简化了操作,降低了成本.     

4′-溴甲基-2-联苯甲酸甲酯的合成

目的:合成4′-溴甲基-2-联苯甲酸甲酯。方法:以2-氰基-4′-甲基联苯为原料,经水解,酯化,溴代3步反应合成4′-溴甲基-2-联苯甲酸甲酯。结果:合成了4′-溴甲基-2-联苯甲酸甲酯,总收率70%。结论:本合成方法提高了反应收率,简化了操作,降低了成本。     

酚类化合物芳环酰化反应机制的研究

三氯化铝催化下的酚类化合物芳环酰化反应,是一个傅-克反应和傅瑞斯重排反应的竟争反应。在反应初期,傅-克反应占据主导地位;在反应后期,傅瑞斯重排反应占据主导地位。另外,通过理化性质,光谱数据和化学相关法,四个新化合物的结构也分别被确定为:2-羟基-3-甲基-4-甲氧基-6-丁酰氧基苯甲酸甲酯(Ⅵ),2-丁酰氧基-3-甲基-4-甲氧基-6-羟基苯甲酸甲酯(Ⅶ),2,4-二甲氧基-3-甲基-6-丁酰氧基苯甲酸甲酯(Ⅷ),4,6-二甲氧基-2-丁酰氧基-3-甲基苯甲酸甲酯(Ⅸ)。     

4’-溴甲基-2-联苯甲酸甲酯的合成

目的：合成4’-溴甲基-2-联苯甲酸甲酯。方法；以2-氰基-4’-甲基联苯为原料，经水解，酯化，溴代3步反应合成4’-溴甲基-2联苯甲酸甲酯。结果：合成了4’-溴甲基-2-联苯甲酸甲酯，总收率70％。结论：本合成方法提高了反应收率，简化了操作，降低了成本。     

头孢丙烯的合成

以7-苯乙酰胺基-3-氯甲基-3-头孢烯-4-羧酸二苯甲酯为起始原料,经7-位酰胺基水解、在DCC作用下与侧链D-2-叔丁氧羰基氨基-2-(4-羟苯基)乙酸缩合、3-位氯甲基置换为碘甲基后与三苯膦成内鎓盐,与乙醛进行Wittig反应在3-位形成丙烯基,最后在三氟乙酸作用下脱去7-位侧链氨基和4-位羧基的保护基制得头孢丙烯,总收率16.4%.     

血竭素的合成

本文报道了在以间苯三酚为原料合成血竭素的过程中,改进了中间体2,4,6-三羟基苯甲酸及2,6-二羟基-4-甲氧基-3-甲酰基-5-甲基苯甲酸甲酯的操作方法。以间苯三酚制备2,4,6-三羟基苯甲酸,收率为92%,较文献值提高约37%。以2,6-二羟基-4-甲氧基-3-甲基苯甲酸甲酯制备2,6-二羟基-4-甲氧基-3-甲酰基-5-甲基苯甲酸甲酯时,改变了氰化锌的用量,并去掉毒性极大的氢氰酸,收率为66.7%(文献收率64.6%)。     

6-甲氧基-7-[(1-甲基-4-哌啶)甲氧基]-4(3H)-喹唑啉酮的合成工艺研究

目的 对6-甲氧基-7-[(1-甲基-4-哌啶)甲氧基]-4(3H)-喹唑啉酮的合成工艺进行研究.方法 以1-叔丁氧羰基-4-对甲苯磺酰氧甲基哌啶和香草酸甲酯为起始原料,经过脱叔丁氧羰基、甲基化、硝化、还原,最后经Niementowski环合得到.结果 实验总收率约为56％.结论 优化的新工艺减少了反应步骤、降低了制备成本、简化了反应操作条件、提高了产率,更适合工业化生产.     

4-甲基-2-正丙基-6-甲氧羰基苯并咪唑的合成

目的：合成抗高血压药替米沙坦的重要中间体4-甲基-2-正丙基-6-甲氧羰基苯并咪唑.方法：以3-甲基-4-氨基苯甲酸甲酯为原料,经酰化、硝化、还原、环合4步反应制得目标化合物.结果：文献报道的相应各步反应条件得以优化,产率由39.6%提高到62.54%.结论：本方法简化了操作步骤,优化了反应条件,降低了成本,提高了收率.     

β-肾上腺受体拮抗剂对-[2-羟基-3-(叔丁胺基)丙氧基]苯甲酸甲酯的合成

探讨了以对羟基苯甲酸甲酯为原料合成一种新型肝肾上腺受体拈抗剂-对-［2-羟基-3－（叔丁胺基）丙氧基］苯甲酸甲酯的方法，制备了国内未见合成报道的肝肾上腺受体拮抗新药，并对反应的中间产物和最终产物进行了有关物理常数、红外光谱及核磁共振谱的测定，证实了其结构特征。     

7β-叔丁氧羰基氨基-3-氯甲基-3-头孢烯-4-羧酸二苯甲酯的合成

7-ACA经水解、氨基保护得到的7β-叔丁氧羰基氨基-3-羟甲基-3-头孢烯-4-羧酸,与二苯基重氮甲烷反应保护羧基得7β-叔丁氧羰基氨基-3-羟甲基-3-头孢烯-4-羧酸二苯甲酯,最后经氯代制得硫酸头孢噻利等的中间体7β-叔丁氧羰基氨基-3-氯甲基-3-头孢烯-4-羧酸二苯甲酯,总收率约29%(以7-ACA计).     

血竭素的合成

以间苯三酚为原料,经九步反应合成血竭素(1)及其高氯酸盐(1＇)。改进了2,6-二羟基-4-甲氧基苯甲酸甲酯(4)及2,6-二羟基-3-甲酰-4-甲氧基苯甲酸甲酯(5)的制备方法。     

4-氟-3-甲基吡啶-2-甲酸甲酯的合成

3-甲基吡啶-2-甲酸甲酯(2)经氧化、硝化和还原反应制得4-氨基-3-甲基吡啶-2-甲酸甲酯(5),然后经改进的Balz-Schiemann反应制得4-氟-3-甲基吡啶-2-甲酸甲酯(1),以2计总收率约18%。     

Analysis of potential phenylacetone precursors (ethyl 3-oxo-2-phenylbutyrate,methyl 3-oxo-4-phenylbutyrate,and ethyl 3-oxo-4-phenylbutyrate) by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and their conversion to phenylacetone

Methyl 3-oxo-2-phenylbutyrate (MAPA) is a recently circulating precursor of phenylacetone (P2P), a precursor of amphetamine and methamphetamine. MAPA has a hybrid chemical structure of acetoacetic acid ester and P2P. Acetoacetic acid ester is de-esterified and decarboxylated to give the ketone by heating under acidic conditions; therefore, MAPA is presumed to be converted to P2P by such treatment. Considering that ethyl 3-oxo-2-phenylbutyrate (EAPA), methyl 3-oxo-4-phenylbutyrate (MGPA), and ethyl 3-oxo-4-phenylbutyrate (EGPA) have the same chemical features as MAPA, these three compounds are potential P2P precursors. The authors examined the analysis of these compounds by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and their conversion to P2P by heating under acidic and basic conditions. These compounds were remarkably decomposed into P2P during GC-MS analysis regardless of the injection method and injector temperature. EAPA and EGPA also caused ester exchange to methyl ester by injection of methanol solution. P2P production and transesterification were almost prevented by methoxime derivatization. These compounds were converted to P2P by heating under acidic conditions. The reaction of MGPA and EGPA proceeded quicker than that of EAPA. The important by-product associated with the reaction was phenylacetylcarbinol (formed from EAPA and MGPA), which will be converted to (pseudo)ephedrine, important methamphetamine impurities. By heating under basic conditions, MGPA and EGPA were converted to P2P but EAPA was mainly converted to phenylacetic acid. In the future, when these compounds are in circulation, our study will be useful for identifying and elucidating the synthetic method of P2P.     

HPLC法测定白花蛇舌草注射液中3,4-二羟基苯甲酸甲酯的含量

目的用HPLC法测定白花蛇舌草注射液中3,4-二羟基苯甲酸甲酯的含量。方法采用ODS柱(200 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),以甲醇-体积分数为0.05%的磷酸水溶液(体积比为15∶85)为流动相,在254 nm波长处检测。结果3,4-二羟基苯甲酸甲酯质量浓度在5.0~50.0 mg.L-1内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系(r=0.9994);样品的加样回收率为99.3%(n=9),方法精密度及重现性良好,RSD小于1.3%。结论方法适用于白花蛇舌草注射液中3,4-二羟基苯甲酸甲酯的含量测定。     

绢毛蔷薇果实的化学成分

目的：研究绢毛蔷薇果实的化学成分。方法：将醇提取物用H₂O溶解,EtOAc萃取,经柱色谱分离纯化,通过波谱分析并结合化学转化鉴定化合物。结果：从该植物果实中分离、鉴定了6个化合物：euscaphic acid 3,4-monoacetonide (1), euscaphic acid (2), 4-O-β-D-吡喃葡糖基没食子酸甲酯(3),槲皮素(4),齐墩果酸(5),豆甾醇(6)。结论：1是新化合物,3为首次从植物中分离得到。     

2，6－二羟基－3－甲酰－4－甲氧基－5－甲基苯甲酸甲酯的合成

报道了以２，６－二羟基－３－甲基－４－甲氧基苯甲酸甲酯为原料，用Ｖｉｌｓｍｅｉｅｒ甲酰化反应制备标题化合物的新方法。     

Necrosis and apoptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells in rats exposed to 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol

The 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol (4-nitro-m-cresol; PNMC) exists in diesel exhaust particles (DEP), and is also one of the degradation products of insecticide fenitrothion. To assess potential nephrotoxicity of PNMC, male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were subcutaneously dosed with PNMC at 1, 10, and 100 mg/kg/day for five consecutive days. No significant changes were detected in body weights and relative weights of kidneys by the treatment of PNMC. However, the extent of cellular necrosis was found to be severe in renal tubular epithelial cells of PNMC-treated rats. In addition, PNMC exposure significantly increased the number of terminal deoxynucleotidyle transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells compared to the control in renal tubule of PNMC-treated rats. Moreover, immunohistochemical results indicated that significant decrease in the B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) expressions andincrease in the Bcl-2 associated × protein (Bax) expression were detected in PNMC-treated rats. The ratio of Bcl-2/Bax was also reduced significantly at PNMC-treated rats dosed at 10 or 100 mg kg(-1) . Furthermore, the significant increase of FAS (CD95/APO-1) expression was found in the groups dosed at 10 or 100 mg kg(-1) of PNMC. The expression of Caspase-3 was higher in PNMC-treated rats, compared to the control group. Our results indicated that activation of mitochondria and Caspase-3 protease may contribute to the PNMC-induced apoptosis, suggesting that PNMC could cause both necrosis and apoptosis resulting in cell death of renal epithelium cells and could induce renal toxicity.     

新化合物TG-6对大鼠心肌缺血-再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的 探讨新化合物3-硝基-4-{[4-(2,3,4-三甲氧基苯基)哌嗪-1-基]甲基}-苯甲酰基胍(TG-6)对大鼠心肌缺血-再灌注(I-R)损伤的保护作用.方法 结扎大鼠冠状动脉左前降支40 min,再灌注120 min建立心肌I-R损伤模型.48只大鼠分为A组(假手术组)、B组(I-R模型组)、C组(模型组+卡立泊来德1 mg/kg)、D组(模型组+TG-61 mg/kg)、E组(模型组+TG-60.5 mg/kg)、F组(模型组+TG-60.25 mg/kg),每组8只.观察TG-6对大鼠心功能学、心肌梗死面积及血清生化指标的影响.结果 与B组比较,D、E、F组左心室内压最大上升与下降速率(±dP/dtmax)、血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力增高,左心室舒张末期压力(LVEDP)、血清肌酸激酶(CK)活力、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活力、丙二醛(MDA)含量降低(P＜0.05);D、E组心率、左心室内压(LVSP)增加,心肌梗死面积缩小(P＜0.05).结论 TG-6明显减轻大鼠心肌I-R损伤,有望成为治疗心肌I-R损伤新型药物.     

4—氨基—1—甲基—3—丙基吡唑—5—甲酰胺的合成

以２－戊酮和草酸二乙酯为起始原料,经缩合,环合、甲基化、水解、硝化、氨解、还原等７步反应合成了新型磷酸二酯酶５型（ＰＤＥ５）抑制剂西地那非的关键中间体－４－氨基－１－３－丙基吡唑－５－甲酰胺。     

Effects of modulation of NMDA neurotransmission on response rate and duration in a conflict procedure in rats

N-Methyl- -aspartate (NMDA) antagonists and γ-aminobutyric acid agonists share a number of common pharmacological properties, including motor and anticonvulsant effects. In the present study, site-selective NMDA antagonists were evaluated for potential anxiolytic efficacy and motor impairment in a modified Geller–Seifter conflict procedure, an animal model widely used to screen drugs for anxiolytic effects. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to respond for food reward under a multiple FI 30 s (food only), FR 10 (food+shock) operant schedule. Consistent with the results of previous studies, the benzodiazepines chlordiazepoxide and diazepam selectively increased punished responding and increased response durations at higher doses. The competitive NMDA antagonist CGP 37,849 increased punished responding at some doses, though not selectively, and also increased response duration in both schedule components. The glycine-site modulators milacemide, ACEA 1011 and ACEA 1021, the NR2B-selective polyamine site antagonist eliprodil and NMDA did not produce anticonflict effects at any dose and had inconsistent effects on response durations. These results suggest that the anticonflict effects of NMDA antagonists are not as reliable as those of the benzodiazepines. Further research is needed to clarify the experimental conditions under which the anxiolytic potential of NMDA antagonists is most evident.