山东省聊城市居民碘营养状况调查

目的 了解山东省聊城市居民碘营养状况．提出相应的防治对策。方法 按照LQAS抽样法对聊城市4县1区8～10岁儿童甲状腺肿(甲肿)大率、尿碘含量、居民户碘盐覆盖率及合格率、饮水碘含量、儿童智商(IQ)水平及当地居民生活习惯进行了调查．并对相关指标进行了分析。结果 水碘与儿童尿碘、儿童甲肿率之间的关系出现不一致性。儿童甲肿率与尿碘、碘盐覆盖率之间的关系完全旱现一致性。结论 聊城市4县1区存在高碘性甲肿的流行，是由于居民饮用高碘水和食用碘盐共同作用的结果。据此提出了该地区高碘性甲肿的主要预防措施为停止饮用高碘水和食用碘盐。     

山东省济宁市居民碘营养状况抽样调查

目的为了解济宁市居民的碘营养状况,并提出相应的防治对策.方法对山东省济宁市居民碘营养状况性质未定的滨湖4县(微山、金乡、鱼台、梁山)按LQAS抽样法进行了19个乡镇4 281例8～10岁学龄儿童甲状腺肿大率、智商、尿碘和水碘及盐碘等指标的抽样调查.结果①儿童甲状腺肿大率滨湖4县儿童平均甲状腺肿大率为11.7%,但各县以乡镇为单位甲状腺肿大率差别较大,如梁山县有的乡镇儿童甲肿率高达23.5%,而微山县大部分乡镇儿童甲肿率低于10%,但4县中无一乡镇儿童低于5%.②儿童智力水平金乡、鱼台县智商呈中等水平,而微山县略向低值偏移,且微山水碘含量＜10μg/L的样本占50%以上,怀疑儿童智商水平的偏低是否由碘缺乏或其他因素造成,还有待于进一步研究观察.③儿童尿碘4县儿童尿碘值范围在27.4～2 236.5μg/L之间,92.88%的尿样碘含量＞100μg/L,各县儿童尿碘中位数均高于200μg/L,其中鱼台县最高,达764.55μg/L,这说明滨湖居民大部分机体碘摄入量已相当丰富.④水碘4县共检测98份水样,水碘值范围在1.51～1 527.69μg/L之间,平均值均在40μg/L以上.若根据外环境水碘值来划分病区,因微山县一半以上(56.52%)的样品水碘值＜10μg/L,属缺碘地区;梁山县44%的样品水碘值＞250μg/L,属高碘地区;金乡、鱼台90%以上的样品和梁山、微山县部分样品水碘值在10～250μg/L之间,属适碘地区.⑤盐碘由于济宁市东部地区属碘缺乏地区,多年来一直采取食盐加碘为主的综合性防治措施,而西部湖滨地区碘营养状况性质末定,所以这些县在碘盐供应问题上一直未作定论.在检测的229份盐样中,无碘盐占21.0%,有碘盐占79.0%,合格碘盐食用率达57.2%,特别是梁山县,90%以上的盐样为有碘盐,75.1%的盐碘含量＞20mg/kg,其他3个县食用盐有碘率也在70%以上.结论山东省滨湖平原地区同时存在缺碘区、适碘区和高碘区,几种情况交错存在,呈片状、灶状或点状分布.对不同碘水平地区须提出不同的防治措施,不能一刀切.高碘地区应停止供应加碘盐,食用非碘盐,并及时采取以降碘改水为主的综合性防治措施,寻找含碘适宜的水源.适碘地区居民从饮水及粮食中摄碘已足够,应停止供应加碘盐;缺碘地区居民仍应坚持以供应加碘食盐为主的综合防治措施.并建议随时做好滨湖地区居民碘营养及甲状腺疾病的病情监测,及时调整具体防治措施.     

2001-2005年山西省忻州市碘缺乏病监测结果分析

目的 了解山西省忻州市实现消除碘缺乏病（IDD）阶段目标后，IDD病情的消长趋势，干预措施落实情况和防治效果。方法根据《全国碘缺乏病监测方案》中的监测指标，采用重点人群碘营养状况的一次性调查方法，2001—2005年在全市14个县（市、区）进行抽样监测，包括儿童甲状腺肿大率（简称甲肿率）、尿碘水平、居民盐碘、IDD健康教育知识及儿童智商水平。结果5年儿童甲肿率在5．38％～7．97％；儿童尿碘中位数在225．48～334．54斗g,／L；居民合格碘盐食用率均〉90％；IDD健康教育知识问卷调查，5年级学生平均得分60．2分，及格率55.3％，家庭主妇平均得分83．2分，及格率92．7％；儿童智商为中等水平。结论忻州市8～10岁儿童甲肿率、尿碘水平和居民合格碘盐食用率3项指标继续保持在消除IDD阶段目标水平；IDD健康教育宣传不到位．知识普及率呈下滑趋势：儿童智商水平经全民食盐加碘后得以提高。     

聊城市水源性高碘地区分布与居民碘营养调查

目的了解山东省聊城市水源性高碘地区分布规律和居民碘营养状况,提出相应的防治对策,防止高碘性甲状腺肿(甲肿)的流行。方法以乡镇(街道、办事处)为单位对居民饮用水碘、碘盐覆盖率及合格率进行基线调查;按照LOAS方法对聊城市4县1区8～10岁儿童甲状腺肿大率、尿碘及当地居民生活习惯进行调查,并对相关指标进行分析。结果检测水样1 232份,水碘为(161．4±133,5)μg／L,范围2～1 820μg/L, 91．2％的乡镇水碘均值>10μg／L或<300μg／L;儿童甲状腺肿大率与尿碘、碘盐覆盖率之间的关系完全呈现一致性。结论聊城市绝大部分地区属于适碘区;部分地区存在高碘性甲肿流行,是由于居民饮用高碘水和食用加碘盐共同作用的结果。停止饮用高碘水和加碘盐的供应可以防止高碘性甲肿的流行。     

2005年重庆市碘缺乏病监测结果的聚类分析

目的聚类分析重庆市2005年碘缺乏病监测结果，为分类指导提供参考依据。方法将碘缺乏病监测结果分为碘盐频率（碘盐覆盖率、碘盐合格率及合格碘盐食用率）、食盐含碘量（盐碘中位数）、碘营养水平（尿碘中位数）、健康教育水平（学生问卷平均分、学生及格率、家庭主妇问卷平均分及家庭主妇及格率）、儿童甲状腺肿大（甲肿）率（触诊法及B超法甲肿率）和智商6类12个指标，运用SAS9．0软件，采用系统聚类分析方法进行聚类分析。结果28个区（县）分为5组，其特点为第1组3个区（县），碘盐覆盖率（69．00％）和合格碘盐食用率（65．00％）低，甲肿率（12．59％）高；第2组2个区（县），尿碘中位数（376．5μg／L）高；第3组3个区（县），儿童智商（97．71）低；第4组12个区（县），各项指标优于前3组；第5组8个区（县），各项指标优于前4组。结论重庆市碘缺乏病防治与病情不平衡，各区域差距较大，应针对不同情况加强防治。     

全民食盐加碘后闽东南沿海居民碘营养状况动态变化趋势

目的了解全民食盐加碘后闽东南沿海居民碘营养状况动态变化趋势.方法 1995年至2001年每隔1年从闽东南沿海11个沿海县(市、区)各抽取8～10岁儿童1200名调查甲状腺肿比例,每个县(市、区)再抽检210名儿童进行尿碘水平和家中盐碘含量的测定,观察新生儿脐带血(全血)TSH水平.结果儿童甲肿率持续下降,2001年已达3.8%,所有县(市、区)儿童尿碘中位数均＞100 μg/L.结论闽东南沿海居民经实施全民食盐加碘干预后,居民碘营养状况得到明显改善.     

杭州市区补碘前后儿童碘营养状况调查分析

对杭州市区环境碘和１０２５８人次８～１０岁儿童补碘前后及防治二年后碘营养状况进行对比调查分析。结果显示：饮水碘为１．４８μｇ／Ｌ，膳食碘共计６０．５μｇ／ｄ，盐碘０．５２ｍｇ／ｋｇ，防治前儿童触诊甲肿率１０．０２％，Ｂ超甲肿率１４．９８％，尿碘中位数７０．０１μｇ／Ｌ，大于１００μｇ／Ｌ仅占３０．２０％，儿童平均智商为１１２．１４，其中郊区儿童为１０４．４５。经过落实以食盐加碘为主的综合防治措施二年后，儿童甲肿率下降至５．１６％。尿碘中位数上升到２４３．１５μｇ／Ｌ，儿童平均智商为１１４．３７。表明防治前杭州市区外环境和人群机体内环境同样存在碘缺乏，碘干预措施是我市防治碘缺乏病的积极有效方法。     

2007年西藏自治区碘缺乏病高危地区重点人群调查分析

目的 掌握西藏自治区碘缺乏病防治工作现况,提出有针对性的防治对策,杜绝新发地方性克汀病(简称地克病)的发生.方法 2007年4-8月在拉萨、山南、林芝、昌都、日喀则5个地区的16个县,搜索所有1997年1月1日以后出生的疑似克汀病患者,在每个乡选择2个村,每个村选取60名8～10岁儿童,采用触诊法和B超法进行甲状腺检查、尿碘测定、智商测查;每个村选择30户育龄妇女进行尿碘测定,并对其家中食盐进行半定量检测.结果 调查未发现新发克汀病患者.触诊法检查,8～10岁儿童甲状腺肿大(简称甲肿)率为4.5%(257/5680);B超法检查,甲肿率为4.7%(258/5433).8～10岁儿童尿碘中位数为159.4μg/L,智商为78.3±14.5;育龄妇女的尿碘中位数为70.2μg/L;碘盐覆盖率为52.8%.结论 儿童甲肿率、尿碘水平达到了消除碘缺乏病标准;但是儿童智商偏低,育龄妇女尿碘水平较低,碘盐覆盖率较低,碘缺乏病的防治工作需要加强.     

自贡市碘缺乏病防治效果调查分析

目的：了解自贡市通过实施全民食盐加碘等综合防治措施后人群碘营养状况，方法：按不同方位在市所辖的4区2县随机抽取30个调查点进行儿童甲肿率，尿碘，不同层次碘盐，不同人群健教等指标的现状调查。结果：触诊法检查8－10岁儿童甲肿瘤由防治前27．02％下降到11．85％。儿童尿碘水平由防治前62．46μg/L上升到108．27μg/L，生产、批发仓库碘盐合格率为92．00％，90．40％，零售点和居民盐碘合格率为56．57％和57．16％，健教问卷小学生知识及格率为80．13％，家庭主妇及格率80．65％。结论：自贡市碘缺乏病防治取得了明显成效，人群碘缺乏状况已得到纠正。     

2002年广西自治区碘缺乏病监测结果分析

目的　了解广西自治区实现消除碘缺乏病阶段目标后的防治现状。方法　每个地 (市 )随机抽取 2～ 3个县 (市 ) ,对盐碘、儿童尿碘、水碘、儿童甲状腺肿大率、儿童智商水平、健康教育等指标进行监测分析。结果　合格碘盐食用率为 90 .7% ;8～ 10岁儿童甲状腺肿大率为 3.1% ;儿童尿碘中位数为 2 5 1.6 μg/ L;儿童智商水平平均为 95 .6 ,智商 <6 9的占 4 .8%。结论　 90 %以上的广西居民食用合格碘盐 ,碘营养水平处于充足状态     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.