偏头痛脑白质异常的MRI表现

目的探讨偏头痛脑白质异常(WMAs)的MRI表现。方法选取70例偏头痛患者并行MRI检查,女性51例,男性19例,年龄为18~50岁,平均年龄36.21±8.9岁。选取同期健康体检者并行MRI检查70例对照组,女性53例和男性17例,年龄为18~50岁,平均年龄35.32±8.6岁。运用SPSS13.0软件对数据进行分析。结果显示偏头痛组中有23例WMAs,表现为皮质下脑白质内等T1长T2信号影,Flair高信号;对照组中有6例WMAs。偏头痛组WMAs的比例(32.86%,23/70)明显高于对照组(8.57%,6/70)(χ2=12.57,P0.01)。偏头痛组中有先兆偏头痛患者WMAs的比例(48.39%,15/31)明显高于无先兆偏头痛患者(20.51%,8/39)(χ2=6.08,P0.05)。结论偏头痛患者WMAs的发生率较高,且有先兆偏头痛患者较无先兆偏头痛患者更高。     

偏头痛与脑白质损害的相关性研究

目的 (1)比较偏头痛组和正常对照组脑白质损害的发病率。(2)研究偏头痛组脑白质损害同偏头痛的类型,和发作频率之间的关系。(3)研究偏头痛患者脑白质损害的好发部位。方法选取60例偏头痛患者,45例女性,15例男性,年龄为20⁴8岁。依据年龄和性别进行匹配,收集没有头痛病史的58例对照组,43例女性和15例男性,年龄为2048岁。依据年龄和性别进行匹配,收集没有头痛病史的58例对照组,43例女性和15例男性,年龄为20⁴8岁,对所有入选患者及对照组均进行头部核磁共振(Magnatic Resonance Imaging,MRI)影像学检查,并记录脑白质损害的人数,部位及偏头痛每月发作频率。运用SPSS17.0和EXCELL软件对数据进行分析。结果在60例偏头痛患者中,有16例出现脑白质的损害。有先兆的患者脑白质损害为11/27,无先兆的患者脑白质损害为5/33,差异有统计学意义(P=0.026)。偏头痛中有脑白质损害患者每月头痛发作次数高于无脑白质损害患者每月头痛发作次数(P<0.05)。随着每月发作次数的增加,有脑白质损害的偏头痛患者人数也会增加。脑白质损害好发部位为额叶,顶叶和基底节区。结论偏头痛较无偏头痛患者有更高发生脑白质损害的风险。偏头痛的发作频率,及其类型对脑白质损害有重要的影响。     

偏头痛与脑白质变性

目的探讨偏头痛与脑白质变性的关系及其可能形成机制。方法偏头痛患者(n=55)行头颅MRI检查,部分行脑ECT脑血流灌注显像。同期本院非神经系统疾病并行头颅MRI检查的内科住院病人作为对照组(n=51)。结果偏头痛组中,头颅MRI显示16例脑白质内见小点片样等T1或稍长T1,长T2异常信号,以多发性为主;对照组仅3例患者可见大脑半球白质内异常信号,两者之间差异有显著性意义。偏头痛组中3例患者做头颅ECT脑血流灌注显像检查,在单侧或双侧的额、颞部的脑局部血流灌注下降。对照组中4例行头颅ECT,未见脑局部血流灌注下降。结论反复偏头痛发作可能同脑白质变性具有相关性,其形成机制可能与脑血管舒缩功能异常等有关。     

脑白质损害与偏头痛发作频率分析

目的探讨脑白质损害与偏头痛发作频率关系。方法选取重庆市铜梁区中医院接诊的86例偏头痛患者作为研究对象,对患者进行头颅MRI检查以明确脑白质损害程度,根据是否发生脑白质损害分为两组:损害组、未损害组,对比两组的偏头痛发作频率、持续时间。结果脑白质损害病灶位于额叶20个(30.30%)、顶叶13个(23.21%)、基底核区11个(19.64%)、颞枕叶8个(14.29%)、脑干及小脑3个(5.36%)、顶叶1个(1.79%)。两组在冠心病史、高血压病史、糖尿病史、吸烟史、饮酒史、家族病史方面比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。损害组的病程明显比未损害组更长(P<0.05)。两组患者在偏头痛类型、发作频率、持续时间方面比较,差异均有统计学意义(P <0.05)。损害组的先兆型偏头痛、发作频率> 3次/月、持续时间> 24h占比均显著高于未损害组(P <0.05)。多因素回归分析显示,除头痛持续时间外,病程、先兆症状、头痛发作频率均是脑白质损害的独立危险因素(均P <0.05)。结论偏头痛患者的脑白质损害好发于额顶叶,偏头痛病程、先兆症状及发作频率都是偏头痛患者发生脑白质损害的独立危险因素。     

先兆偏头痛患者认知功能障碍与脑白质疏松的关系

目的研究先兆偏头痛患者的认知功能障碍与脑白质疏松(LA)的关系。方法收集56例先兆性偏头痛患者(偏头痛组)和60例健康对照者(正常对照组)的资料。LA的严重程度用基于3.0T MRI的皮质下胆碱能通路高信号量表(CHIPS)进行评价。在偏头痛发作期和间歇期,分别给患者进行Mattis痴呆评定量表(DRS)测评;并与正常对照者比较。结果偏头痛组LA的比率(43例,76.8%)及CHIPS评分[24(3.75~28)分]均显著高于正常对照组[16例,26.7%;0(0~8.75)分](均P0.001)。偏头痛组发作期的DRS总分、启动与保持、概念化、结构和记忆因子分显著低于正常对照组(P0.05~0.001),注意因子评分的差异无统计学意义。偏头痛组间歇期的DRS总分显著低于正常对照组(P0.05);发作期DRS总分、记忆因子评分显著低于间歇期(均P0.001)。偏头痛患者发作期的DRS总分和记忆分与CHIPS评分间呈负相关(r=-0.326,P=0.014;r=-0.356,P=0.007),其他4个因子评分及间歇期的所有评分与CHIPS评分间均无相关性。结论先兆偏头痛患者有认知功能障碍,在发作期尤其显著,并与LA的程度有关。     

偏头痛发作期患者血浆ICAM-1及IL-6水平的关系及临床应用

目的分析偏头疼发作期患者血浆ICAM-1和IL-6水平变化的相互关系,为诊断和治疗提供指导。方法选取2010-04-2014-05来我院就诊的偏头痛发作期患者51例为研究组,其中有先兆现象偏头痛23例(45.10%),无先兆现象偏头痛28例(54.9%),选取健康人群42例为对照组,对2组进行酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA),测定患者血浆ICAM-1和IL-6水平,分析2组患者数值变化及相互关系。结果研究组ICAM-1及IL-6含量分别显著高于健康对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.01),有先兆偏头痛者ICAM-1含量显著高于无先兆偏头痛者,差异有统计学意义(P0.01),IL-6含量在有先兆和无先兆患者间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。对研究组ICAM-1和IL-6水平进行Pearson相关分析,结果显示,在所有的研究对象中血浆ICAM-1与IL-6水平呈正相关(r=0.923,P=0.0000.01),有先兆和无先兆患者中血浆IL-6和ICAM-1水平存在相关性(r=0.894,0.932、P=0.0000.05)。结论偏头痛发作期患者血浆ICAM-1及IL-6水平增高,可能参与偏头痛发病机制,且呈正相关关系,提示这两种细胞因子间存在相互作用。     

偏头痛患者右心声学造影的特点及影响因素

目的 利用右心声学造影检查探究有无先兆偏头痛患者卵圆孔未闭(PFO)情况及二者的相关性。方法 选取2019-07—2021-07郑州大学附属中心医院收治的118例明确诊断的偏头痛患者为研究对象,根据头痛类型将其分为先兆偏头痛组(n=50)和无先兆偏头痛组(n=68),并选取同期体检的40名健康者为对照组,对所有受试者进行右心声学造影评估有无PFO及房水平右向左分流(RLS)程度。此外,统计偏头痛患者治疗前头痛发作频率、发作时间及头痛程度,分析其与有无PFO及RLS程度的相关性。结果 先兆偏头痛组和无先兆偏头痛组患者治疗前发作频率、头痛发作时间、头痛程度比较差异无统计学意义(t=1.295、1.490、1.235,P>0.05)。先兆偏头痛组PFO发生率及PFO-RLS分流程度均明显高于无先兆偏头痛组和对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),无先兆偏头痛组和对照组间PFO发生率和PFO-RLS分流程度比较未见统计学差异(χ²=32.372、2.157、9.928、10.867,P>0.05)。Spearman相关性分析显示,偏头痛患者PFO分流...     

偏头痛与睡眠质量关系的研究

目的:探讨偏头痛与睡眠质量的关系.方法:采用阿森斯睡眠量表(AIS)对112例偏头痛患者(偏头痛组)及112名健康体检者(正常对照组)的睡眠质量进行评分,比较两组间失眠的发生率.对偏头痛组中无睡眠障碍亚组、可疑失眠亚组和失眠亚组先兆发作率及疼痛程度进行比较,分析睡眠质量与偏头痛的关系.结果:偏头痛组失眠的发生率(58.9%)明显高于正常对照组(24.1%)(P<0.001).偏头痛各亚组间先兆发作率的差异无统计学意义;失眠亚组中、重度头痛的比例(53.0%,37.9%)明显高于无睡眠障碍亚组(23.8%,19.1%)和可疑失眠亚组(40.0%,16.0%)(均P<0.001).相关性分析显示,偏头痛组睡眠质量与头痛程度呈负相关(P<0.001).结论:偏头痛患者睡眠质量较差,且睡眠质量越差的患者头痛程度越重,改善睡眠质量有可能减轻头痛程度.     

偏头痛右向左分流患者与脑白质病变的关系研究

目的探讨偏头痛右向左分流患者与脑白质病变之间的关系。方法自2014年7月至2017年2月就诊于北京天坛医院门诊,诊断符合国际头痛诊断分类的偏头痛患者。收集基线信息及临床特征等相关资料。所有入组患者均进行经颅多普勒发泡试验及头颅磁共振检查。右向左分流定义为:经颅多普勒发泡试验提示双侧大脑中动脉监测到至少一个及以上栓子信号。脑白质病变的评定为:深部或皮质下白质T2加权像及FLAIR成像高信号。脑白质病变使用Fazekas量表评分。结果最终纳入254个患者(57.1%为女性)。143例受试者存在右向左分流(56.3%)。149例患者存在脑白质病(58.7%)。与脑白质病变阴性组(n=105)相比,右向左分流在脑白质病变阳性组(n=149)明显增高(69.1%vs38.1%,P0.05)。结论偏头痛患者脑白质病变可能与右向左分流相关。     

中国偏头痛患者右向左分流阳性率及分流类型——一项全国多中心研究

背景 偏头痛与右向左分流（right-to-left shunt,RLS）的关系尚有争议。本研究旨在明确中国偏头痛 患者右向左分流的阳性率、分流类型以及分流量大小,分析偏头痛与右向左分流的关系。 方法 该研究为多中心-病例对照研究（北美临床研究注册号NCT0242569)。由中国9家分中心共同完 成,连续纳入2015年6月-2016年8月就诊于分中心且符合据第三版国际头痛疾病分类-β测试版（The International Classification of Headache Disorders 3rd Edition Beta Version,ICHD-3β）诊断偏头痛的患 者（18～65周岁）,为偏头痛组。偏头痛组共纳入931例（女性695例）,其中先兆偏头痛240例（女性174 例）,无先兆偏头痛691例（女性521例）。健康对照组共282例。 结果 先兆偏头痛组RLS阳性率和大量分流比例高于无先兆偏头痛组（63.7% vs 39.9%,P＜0.001; 32.1% vs 16.5%,P＜0.001）,两组中量和小量分流比例无差异（P =0.141;P =0.061）。无先兆偏头痛 组RLS阳性率和大量分流比例高于对照组（39.9% vs 29.4%,P＜0.001;16.5% vs 6.4%,P＜0.001）, 两组间中量和小量分流的比例无差异。 结论 偏头痛患者（包括有先兆和无先兆偏头痛患者）,右向左分流阳性率高于正常对照组,且以大 量右向左分流为主,中至小量右向左分流及分流的类型与对照组相比无差异。右向左分流,特别是大 量的右向左分流,可能与偏头痛有关。     

Diagnostic Difficulties and Treatment Implications

Summary: Differentiation between types of epileptic seizures has been aided in recent years by the introduction of intensive neurodiagnostic techniques and the development of increasingly detailed classification systems. Paradoxically, these developments have not simplified the task of matching the appropriate antiepileptic drug to a particular seizure type. It is reasonable to assume that anticonvulsant drugs will have different effects on different types of seizures, but faulty, circular reasoning can enter the picture if one also assumes that responses of seizures to different drugs signify different seizure types. There are several examples of differential diagnoses that can fall prey to this problem, including the diagnosis between partial seizures with secondary generalization and generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the diagnosis between complex partial seizures and absence seizures with automatisms, among others. Considerations of etiology in future classification systems can further complicate the problem: should one then choose an anticonvulsant drug on the basis of individual seizure type or on the basis of the type of epilepsy? Ramifications of this issue extend even to the drug approval process. Official sanction is not given for use of a drug for a seizure type not included in the original efficacy studies, even if later scientific evidence shows that seizure type to be related to a type that is included. New trials must be undertaken. These problems arise from how we choose to classify seizures.     

Cognitive Dysfunction Associated with Antiepileptic Drug Therapy

Summary: Epilepsy is frequently associated with cognitive dysfunction. However, the reasons for this correlation are unclear. Possible influential factors include patient age; duration, frequency, etiology, and type of seizures; hereditary factors; psychosocial issues; and antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy. Whereas many of these factors are beyond the physician's control, AED therapy is one element that can be addressed in treatment decisions by recognizing the potential cognitive effects of particular AEDs. For example, phenobarbital impairs memory and concentration; phenytoin affects attention, problem solving ability, and performance of visuomotor tasks. In contrast, carbamazepine may affect concentration, while valproate would appear to have minimal effects on cognition. Moreover, cognitive effects of AEDs are amplified with coadministration of multiple anticonvulsants (polytherapy). A review of studies on the cognitive effects of monotherapy with AEDs, as opposed to those of polytherapy, provides evidence that drug-related cognitive dysfunction can be reversed if patients are switched to a simpler therapeutic regimen. Future research should be directed toward developing reliable measures for assessing and monitoring cognition, and understanding the particular cognitive side effects of each AED. Physicians also need to revise their opinions about which side effects are "tolerable" for epileptic patients.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy in Adults With Partial and Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures

Summary: Carbamazepine and phenytoin are drugs of choice in initial monotherapy for adult partial and secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures. These designations reflect the results of the Veterans Administration Epilepsy Cooperative Study Group of 1985. An earlier comparative study of carbamazepine and phenytoin by Ramsay and associates found both drugs equally effective in controlling new-onset seizures. Among the advantages of carbamazepine is that it causes relatively few cognitive and dysmorphic side effects. Its disadvantages are its unavailability in parenteral formulation and its metabolic autoinduction. The latter must be compensated for by planned dosage increases to maintain therapeutic plasma steady-state levels during the first 2 or 3 months of treatment. Carbamazepine is judged a drug of choice in the treatment of these secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the drug of choice in children, adolescents, and women susceptible to the dysmorphic side effects associated with other anticonvulsant agents.     

Etiologic and Preventive Aspects of Epilepsy in the Child–Bridging the Gap Between Laboratory and Clinic

Summary: Four broad categories of basic phenomena are pertinent to developing ways to prevent epilepsy. These include mechanisms of epileptogenesis, ictal initiation and temporary entrainment by the seizure discharge of normally functioning brain, seizure propagation, and control mechanisms that function both to restrain the cascade of epileptic events culminating in a seizure and to arrest the epileptic event and restore the interictal state. In newborns and children, hypoxia-ischemia is a major factor leading to epileptogenesis, and several schemes are proposed to classify, quantify, and prevent hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Control mechanisms must be better understood in order to develop prophylactic recommendations for epilepsy, and an experimental model of "kindling antagonism" may increase our understanding of these. Programs of prevention of seizures in children will evolve only if basic researchers and clinicians work productively together to develop an adequate understanding of factors important in epileptogenesis and antiepileptogenic control mechanisms.     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Predisposing and Causative Factors in Childhood Epilepsy

Summary: We review information from large studies of defined populations, examining the role of known factors and especially of prenatal and perinatal factors in contributing to nonfebrile seizure disorders of early childhood. We depend especially, but not exclusively, on the recently completed analyses from the Collaborative Perinatal Project of the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke, the NCPP. About 4% of children in the NCPP who had at least one non-febrile nonsymptomatic seizure by the age of 7 years had a previous seizure during acute neurologic illness, such as meningitis or during the acute illness after trauma. Many such seizures should potentially be preventable. Of children with seizures, 10% had had a neonatal seizure and 13% had had a febrile seizure. Among the hundreds of prenatal and perinatal factors explored as predictors of childhood seizure disorders, the principal predictors identified were congenital malformations of the fetus, cerebral and noncerebral; family history of certain neurologic disorders; and neonatal seizures. In agreement with the British National Child Development Study, labor and delivery factors in the NCPP appeared to contribute very little to childhood seizure disorders. Maldevelopment, rather than damage at birth to an initially intact nervous system, appeared to be the more common mechanism. Most seizure disorders of early childhood remained unexplained by the large set of prenatal and perinatal characteristics examined.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.