非酒精性脂肪肝患者血清抵抗素与胰岛素抵抗关系的研究

目的 探讨非酒精性脂肪肝患者血清抵抗素水平及其与肥胖、胰岛素抵抗、血糖、血脂的关系.方法 选择非酒精性脂肪肝患者100例,正常对照30例,采用ELISA方法测定空腹血清抵抗素,同时检测其身高、体重、腰围、臀嗣、血糖、血脂、肝功能及胰岛素水平,并计算体重指数、腰臀比和胰岛索敏感指数.结果 非酒精性脂肪肝患者血清抵抗素水平为17.68±5.2 ng.ml,高于正常对照组的12.85±4.4 ng.ml,P<0.01.相关分析显示,血清抵抗素与体重指数、甘油三酯呈正相关关系(分别为r=0.376、0.426,P<0.05),与胰岛素敏感指数呈负相关关系,(r=-0.584,P<0.01),而与腰臀比、总胆固醇、低密度酯蛋白胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、血糖无相关性,(P>0.05).结论 在非酒精性脂肪肝的发病过程中,抵抗素可能参与了胰岛素抵抗.     

老年糖尿病患者血浆抵抗素与胰岛素抵抗关系的研究

目的　了解老年糖尿病患者血浆抵抗素的浓度及其与肥胖、胰岛素敏感性、血糖、血脂的关系。　方法　选择 5 1例老年 2型糖尿病患者和 4 2例健康老年人 ,分别分为肥胖组和非肥胖组 ,用竞争性酶联免疫吸附法测定各组空腹血浆抵抗素水平 ,同时检测空腹血糖、空腹胰岛素、血脂、胰岛素敏感指数 ,测量受试对象腰围、臀围、腰臀比。　结果　在对照组和糖尿病组中 ,肥胖组空腹血浆抵抗素水平显著高于非肥胖组 (P <0 0 5 ) ;糖尿病非肥胖组空腹血浆抵抗素水平显著高于对照非肥胖组 (P <0 0 1) ,但与对照肥胖组比较 ,差异无显著性 ;糖尿病肥胖组空腹血浆抵抗素水平显著高于对照肥胖组 (P <0 0 5 )。抵抗素与体质指数呈正相关关系 (r =0 2 5 ,P <0 0 5 ) ,与胰岛素敏感指数及空腹胰岛素呈负相关关系 (r=- 0 32、- 0 35 ,P <0 0 5 )。而抵抗素与空腹血糖、各项血脂指标、年龄、性别及腰臀比之间无明显相关性。　结论　在肥胖发展为糖尿病的过程中 ,抵抗素可能参与了胰岛素抵抗 ,并有可能成为诊断胰岛素抵抗的指标之一。     

老年高血压患者血浆抵抗素水平与胰岛素抵抗的相关性

目的了解老年高血压患者血浆抵抗素水平与胰岛素抵抗的关系。方法选择41例中青年人(对照组)和43例老年人(老年组),分别分为高血压组和正常血压组,用竞争性酶联免疫吸附试验测定各组空腹血浆抵抗素水平,同时测定空腹血糖、空腹胰岛素、血脂和胰岛素敏感指数,测量受试对象腰围、臀围和腰臀比。结果老年组血浆抵抗素水平与对照组相比明显升高(P<0.05),老年组中高血压亚组血浆抵抗素与正常血压亚组相比差异无显著性。对照组高血压亚组抵抗素水平略高于正常血压亚组,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。抵抗素与年龄呈正相关(r=0.31,P<0.01;r=0.28,P<0.05),与体质指数呈正相关(r=0.23,P<0.05),与胰岛素抵抗指数呈负相关(r=-0.31,P<0.05),但在各实验组中,抵抗素与体质指数无明显相关性。结论空腹血浆抵抗素水平与年龄和体质指数呈正相关,与胰岛素抵抗指数呈负相关。     

2型糖尿病患者血浆脂联素和抵抗素水平的测定及意义

为探讨2型糖尿病患者血浆脂联素和抵抗素水平的变化及意义。将60例2型糖尿病患者分为非肥胖糖尿病组30例(体质指数<25kg/m2)和肥胖糖尿病组30例(体质指数>25kg/m2);并选择28例健康者作对照。用酶联免疫吸附检测法测空腹血浆脂联素和抵抗素浓度;并测定各组的空腹血糖、胰岛素和血脂的水平;根据HOMA稳态模型提出的公式,计算胰岛素抵抗指数和胰岛素敏感指数,分析各指标间的相关性。结果发现,①糖尿病各组血浆脂联素的水平明显低于对照组,且肥胖糖尿病组低于非肥胖组,差异有显著性(P<0.01)。②糖尿病各组血浆抵抗素的水平明显高于对照组,而且肥胖糖尿病组明显高于非肥胖组,差异有显著性(P<0.01)。③相关分析发现,血浆脂联素浓度与体质指数、空腹血糖、胰岛素抵抗指数和甘油三酯呈显著负相关(分别为r=-0.55,P<0.01;r=-0.51,P<0.01;r=-0.52,P<0.01;r=-0.39,P<0.05),而与胰岛素敏感指数呈显著正相关(r=0.45,P<0.01);抵抗素则与体质指数、空腹血糖、胰岛素抵抗指数和甘油三酯呈显著正相关(r=0.40,P<0.01;r=0.52,P<0.01;r=0.46,P<0.01;r=0.27,P<0.05);与胰岛素敏感指数)呈显著负相关(r=-0.32,P<0.01)。此结果提示,脂联素和抵抗素都参与了胰岛素抵抗的发生过程,可能与2型糖尿病的糖脂代谢紊乱有关。     

2型糖尿病患者大网膜与皮下脂肪组织抵抗素蛋白表达的研究

目的了解2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者大网膜与皮下脂肪组织抵抗素蛋白表达的情况,探讨肥胖和糖尿病间的关系.方法 Western blot 法检测大网膜及皮下脂肪组织抵抗素表达情况;测定空腹血胰岛素水平和血糖浓度,并计算胰岛素敏感指数;测量身高、体重、腰围、臀围、收缩压、舒张压,计算腰臀比、体重指数、体内脂肪百分比.结果以OD值表示,正常对照组(57411±1225.59)大网膜与皮下脂肪组织抵抗素蛋白表达明显较单纯肥胖组(41671±884.38,P<0.01)、非肥胖T2DM组(42131±1286.15,P<0.01)、肥胖T2DM组(42677±1751.10,P<0.05)表达增高,后三组抵抗素蛋白表达无明显差异.四组自身的大网膜与皮下脂肪组织抵抗素蛋白表达无显著差异.逐步回归分析示腰臀比、体重指数、空腹血糖对抵抗素表达的作用显著.结论正常对照组大网膜与皮下脂肪组织抵抗素蛋白表达明显较单纯肥胖组、非肥胖T2DM组、肥胖T2DM组表达增高,抵抗素与腰臀比、体重指数、空腹血糖呈显著负相关提示人体抵抗素可能不是肥胖和糖尿病的联系所在.     

不同程度非酒精性脂肪性肝病患者的胰岛素抵抗及影响因素研究

目的 分析不同程度非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)患者的胰岛素抵抗及其影响因素,探讨NAFLD发生、发展过程中胰岛素抵抗的变化趋势.方法 入选393例非NAFLD者及97例NAFLD患者,其中轻度NAFLD 46例、中度44例、重度7例.记录入选者的身高、体重、血压、腰围、臀围及饮酒史,计算体重指数及腰臀比.检测空腹胰岛素、空腹血糖、血脂、血尿酸、转氨酶及乙肝五项.结果 NAFLD患者相对于非NAFLD者表现为体重、腰围、臀围、腰臀比、体重指数、血压、血脂、血尿酸、转氨酶、空腹血糖[4.9(4.4,5.2) mmol/Lvs.4.5(4.3,4.8) mmoL/L]、空腹胰岛素[36.6(24.2,57.9)mU/L vs.22.9(16.7,33.0) mU/L]、稳态模型评估-胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)[7.86(4.91,12.66)vs.4.60(3.36,6.77)]明显升高(P均小于0.001) 重度NAFLD患者的舒张压、腰围、腰臀比,低密度脂蛋白-胆固醇、谷丙转氨酶、血尿酸水平均明显升高(P＜0.05).HOMA-IR亦升高,但差异无统计学意义.多元逐步回归分析显示,仅γ-谷氨酰转肽酶(GCT)与NAFLD患者的胰岛素抵抗密切相关(BETA =0.201,P =0.048).结论 NAFLD患者存在明显的胰岛素抵抗,但胰岛素抵抗并不随脂肪肝严重程度的加重而加重,腹型肥胖与NAFLD的发生、发展密切相关.     

妊娠期糖尿病患者血浆抵抗素水平与胰岛素抵抗的关系

采用ELISA方法检测正常妊娠妇女(对照组)及妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)患者(GDM组)的空腹血浆抵抗素浓度,并测定空腹血糖(FPG)、空腹胰岛素(FIN)及血脂,计算体质量指数(BMI)及胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR);分析抵抗素与FPG、FIN、血脂、HOMA-IR的相关性.结果 :①DGDM组血浆抵抗素、BMI、FIG、FIN、总胆固醇、甘油三酯及HOMA-IR均明显高于对照组(P均＜0.05);②GDM组血浆抵抗素浓度与BMI、FPG、甘油三酯、HOMA-IR呈显著正相关(r=0.47、0.49、0.42、0.62,P均＜0.05).认为抵抗素参与了GDM胰岛素抵抗的发生;血浆抵抗素浓度可能作为评价GDM胰岛素抵抗程度的一种新的敏感指标.     

高脂血症患者血清抵抗素水平及与补体调节蛋白CD55、CD59表达的关系

目的观察高脂血症患者血清抵抗素与补体调节蛋白的表达的关系。方法高脂血症患者50例,年龄、性别、体重与其匹配的健康对照21例,使用酶联免疫法测定空腹血清抵抗素浓度,使用流式细胞仪测定外周血白细胞CD55、CD59的表达。结果高脂血症患者空腹血清抵抗素浓度较正常对照增高（P〈0.05）,女性血清抵抗素浓度高于男性（P〈0.05）,抵抗素与血清总胆固醇明显正相关（r=0.297,P〈0.05）,与体重指数、腰臀比、血糖均无相关性,与补体调节蛋白CD55、CD59阳性细胞平均荧光强度及百分率亦无相关性。多元回归分析腰臀比是CD55阳性淋巴细胞平均荧光强度的独立预测因子,腰围是CD55阳性单核细胞百分率的独立预测因子。结论高脂血症患者空腹血清抵抗素浓度增高,有性别差异,且与血清总胆固醇明显正相关,提示抵抗素可能参与脂代谢紊乱。高脂血症者补体调节蛋白表达下调,且与腰臀比、腰围密切负相关,提示肥胖,特别是中心型肥胖可影响补体调节蛋白的表达。空腹血清抵抗素与补体调节蛋白CD55、CD59表达无相关性,是否有其他脂肪细胞因子参与影响补体调节蛋白的表达有待进一步研究。     

瘦素:胰岛素抵抗的独立危险因素?

目的　探讨江苏南京地区人群中体重指数、腰臀比、腹围这 3种人体测量值以及脂代谢指标、糖代谢指标与瘦素的相关性。方法　将 188名南京地区长期居住汉族成人按BMI及糖尿病诊断标准分为正常组、肥胖组和糖尿病组 ,均检测身高、体重、腰围、腹围、臀围 ,并测定空腹血清胆固醇、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、载脂蛋白A、载脂蛋白B和空腹血糖 (FPG)、真胰岛素 (TI)、免疫反应性胰岛素 (IRI)和瘦素 ,以ISI1=1/ (FPG×TI)和ISI2 =1/ (FPG×IRI)作为胰岛素敏感指数 ,对瘦素与 3种人体测量值和脂代谢指标及胰岛素抵抗的相关性进行分析。结果　对空腹血浆瘦素水平起决定作用的是性别的差异 (女性为男性的 4倍 ) ;其次是体重指数 (r =0 .5 7,P<0 .0 0 1) ;真胰岛素与瘦素呈现显著正相关 (r =0 .32 ,P <0 .0 0 1) ,ISI1与瘦素呈现显著负相关 (r =- 0 .39,P <0 .0 0 1) ,未发现血脂指标与瘦素有任何相关性。结论　南京地区人群中 ,空腹瘦素水平是由性别、肥胖程度 (主要是体重指数 )决定的 ,同时与胰岛素抵抗密切相关     

抵抗素与肥胖及2型糖尿病的关系

目的探讨抵抗素与肥胖及2型糖尿病(T2DM)的相关性。方法正常人(NC)80例、单纯肥胖(Ob)67例、T2DM77例、伴肥胖的T2DM(Ob DM)102例,测定其血清抵抗素、真胰岛素、胰岛素原、胰升糖素、空腹血糖、血脂及血压等水平,记录身高、体重等。结果四组抵抗素水平差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);抵抗素与胰岛β细胞功能、胰岛素敏感性也无相关性(P>0.05);在Ob、DM及Ob DM组抵抗素与TC呈正相关(r=0.35,0.33,0.38,P<0.05);在Ob及Ob DM组抵抗素与腰臀比呈正相关(r=0.36,0.27,P<0.05);在Ob组抵抗素与PI呈正相关(r=0.37,P<0.05)。结论抵抗素与T2DM无相关性,但可能影响肥胖及糖尿病患者的脂质代谢及胰岛素抵抗的形成。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Language of CTO interventions – Focus on hardware

The knowledge of variety of chronic total occlusion (CTO) hardware and the ability to use them represents the key to success of any CTO interventions. However, the multiplicity of CTO hardware and their physical character and the terminology used by experts create confusion in the mind of an average interventional cardiologist, particularly a beginner in this field. This knowledge is available but is scattered. We aim to classify and compare the currently used devices based on their properties focusing on how physical character of each device can be utilized in a specific situation, thus clarifying and simplifying the technical discourse.