准分子激光原位角膜切开术中角膜瓣并发症的预防和处理

目的:对1 370例(2 578只眼)LASIK手术患者的角膜瓣并发症进行回顾性分析.方法:所有患者均使用法国产Moria M2旋转式角膜板层刀完成角膜瓣的制作,刀头分别为110#和90#.结果:共完成了2 575只眼手术,角膜瓣并发症的发生率为2.3%(60/2 578),其中角膜瓣出血36只眼,占1.4%(36/2 578),角膜上皮脱落9只眼,占0.35%(9/2 578),卡刀5只眼,占0.19%(5/2 578),瓣偏位4只眼,占0.16%(4/2 578),角膜瓣游离2只眼,占0.078%(2/2578),纽扣瓣2只眼,占0.078%(2/2 578),不全瓣2只眼,占0.078%(2/2 578).在上述并发症中,造成手术终止的有3例,占总并发症的5%(3/60).后1 070例施行LASIK者与前300例比较,角膜瓣出血,角膜上皮脱落、卡刀、瓣偏位等并发症的发生率显著降低(P＜0.01)结论:LASIK手术中发生角膜瓣的并发症是不可避免的,但大多不影响完成手术,应了解此类并发症并掌握正确的预防和处理方法.     

准分子激光角膜原位磨镶术手术并发症的预防及处理探讨

目的探讨准分子激光角膜原位磨镶术（LASIK）手术并发症的预防及处理方法。方法应用LASIK术式治疗近视586例，共1136只眼。结果LASIK术中并发症有结膜下出血、角膜血管翳出血、瓣偏中心、游离瓣、上皮剥脱、碎瓣。术后并发症有偏中心切削、层间异物、激素性高眼压、屈光回退、中央岛、上皮剥脱、上皮植入、角膜瓣皱褶、角膜感染。结论应用LASIK方式矫治屈光不正，预防和处理各种手术并发症至关重要。     

准分子激光原位角膜磨镶术治疗近视并发症的分析

目的:探讨准分子激光原位角膜磨镶术(LASIK)治疗近视并发症的预防和处理措施.方法:500例(1 000眼)近视患者(-0.751D～-15.00D)行LASIK.术后随诊12个月,观察并分析其并发症.结果:术中负压吸引失败5眼(0.5%),角膜瓣形成不全6眼(0.6%),游离瓣12眼(1.2%),角膜血管翳出血28眼(2.8%),角膜瓣层间异物残留20眼(2%),角膜上皮内生及植入7眼(0.7%),结膜下出血160眼(16%),术后眩光及夜驶困难26眼(2.6%).偏心切削40眼(4%),中央视岛形成5眼(0.5%),弥漫性板层角膜炎DLK8眼(0.8%),青光眼2眼(0.2%),感染2眼(0.2%),术后屈光欠矫或过矫1.00D者50眼(5%).结论:LASIK治疗近视安全有效,但仍存在并发症,有提高手术技巧和完善手术设计的必要性.     

准分子激光原位角膜磨镶术后角膜并发症及处理

准分子激光原位角膜磨镶术（laser in situ keratomileusis．LASIK）是近年来矫正近视较为理想的一种手术。随着LASIK手术的普及，一些角膜相关的并发症逐渐引起重视。Lin等。引对529例行LASIK手术眼进行回顾性调查发现，8．6％有角膜并发症，其中，术中并发症占2．2％．包括不全瓣0．3％、不规则瓣0．9％，自由瓣1％；术后角膜并发症占7．29％，其中，角膜瓣移位占2．0％．角膜瓣皱折需重新复位占1．1％，弥漫性板层角膜炎占1．8％，感染性角膜炎占0．1％．上皮内生占2．2％。作者同时观察到术中并发症从前100只眼的6％下降到后300只眼的0．3％．说明医生的经验对减少术中并发症的重要性。本文对LASIK手术并发症进行分析总结，作一综述。     

准分子激光原位角膜磨镶术后角膜瓣移位的处理观察

目的回顾分析准分子激光原位角膜磨镶术（laseriu srtu keratomileusis,IASTK）术后角膜瓣移位的原因,总结出预防这种并发症的方法以及相应的处理措施。方法在使用美国PDI准分子激光治疗仪进行LASIK手术的2613例（5002只眼）中,均应用MoriaⅡ（110刀头）显微角膜刀制作薄角膜瓣。记录到术后发生角膜瓣皱褶、移位患者13例（13只眼）,分析其原因,并给予及时妥善处理,采取相应的治疗对策。结果 LASIK术后第1天出现角膜瓣皱褶、瓣移位8例（8只眼）;术后1w～1y眼外伤致角膜瓣皱褶、移位5例（5眼）。11例（11眼）均行角膜瓣重新复位。术后1个月均达到术前矫正视力。结论 LASIK术中角膜瓣薄、角膜瓣大、蒂部小,易引起角膜瓣皱褶或移位;眼部外伤也是引起LASIK术后角膜瓣皱褶或移位的主要原因之一。如发现及时、治疗得当,仍可达到从前的有效视力。     

LASIK治疗近视术后并发症的分析和护理

目的探讨准分子激光原位角膜磨镶术（LASIK）术后并发症的类型、发生原因及治疗护理对策。方法 LASIK手术2116例4164只眼，术后随访半年以上对其术后并发症进行观察分析。结果术后并发症总发生率为3.67%，角膜瓣移位2眼0.05%，切削区明显偏中心2眼0.05%，角膜瓣皱褶4眼0.10%，上皮内生5眼0.12%，过矫8眼0.19%，欠矫23眼0.55%，屈光回退24眼0.58%，眩光11眼0.26%，激素性高眼压16眼0.38%，干眼症58眼1.4%。结论 LASIK术治疗近视安全、有效，但存在术后并发症，应引起重视。     

活性上皮瓣覆盖法治疗准分子激光原位角膜磨镶术后角膜瓣融解

目的:探讨用活性上皮瓣覆盖法对准分子激光原位角膜磨镶术(LASIK)后角膜上皮细胞植入引起角膜瓣融解的处理 .方法 :对LASIK术后角膜上皮细胞植入引起角膜瓣融解的6例(6眼)患者,采用剥离植入的角膜上皮制作成瓣,直接覆盖角膜融解瓣的边缘,并配戴隐形眼镜3 d.结果:6例(6眼)患者一次治愈,无复发,术后裸眼视力:5眼≥1.0,1眼0.8,无矫正视力下降.结论:及时采用活性上皮瓣覆盖法处理LASIK术后角膜上皮细胞植入引起角膜瓣融解是安全和有效的,并能避免上皮植入的复发.     

自体角膜上皮移植联合游离结膜瓣移植治疗翼状胬肉43例疗效观察

目的 探讨自体角膜上皮移植联合游离结膜瓣移植治疗翼状胬肉的手术效果.方法 切除胬肉后用自体角膜上皮移植及游离结膜瓣移植的手术方式治疗翼状胬肉56例65只眼,术后随访3个月至1年.结果 随访期内有3只眼复发(4.61%),未发现睑球粘连.结论 自体角膜上皮移植联合游离结膜瓣移植治疗翼状胬肉是一种安全、简单、并且有效降低复发率的手术方法.     

近视眼LASIK后角膜瓣移位的临床观察

<正>准分子激光原位角膜磨镶术(Laser in situ keratomileu-sis,LASIK)术中及术后出现的并发症已经越来越引起人们的重视,其中与角膜瓣有关的并发症最为常见,文献报道LASIK术后并发症发生率为3.4%～11.8%,而术中有关角膜瓣的并发症发生率为0.5%～2%[1]。随着板层角膜刀设计的不     

Moria M2型90μm显微角膜刀制作角膜瓣的临床研究

目的:评估Moria M2型90μm显微角膜刀头制作角膜瓣的可预测性与安全性。方法:对接受近视眼准分子激光原位角膜磨镶术(LASIK)治疗的近视患者96例(192眼),采用Moria M2型90μm显微角膜板层刀制作角膜瓣,术前及术中用A超角膜测厚仪进行角膜厚度测量,计算角膜瓣厚度。同时测量角膜瓣直径及角膜瓣蒂宽度,并观察相关并发症。所有患者均是先右眼制瓣,然后左眼制瓣。结果:所有眼平均角膜瓣厚度(114.1±18.3)μm,其中右眼平均角膜瓣厚度为(123.1±13.3)μm,左眼平均角膜瓣厚度为(107.1±18.3)μm,两者相比差异有显著统计学意义(P<0.001)。右眼平均角膜瓣直径(9.0±0.2)mm,蒂宽(4.8±0.3)mm,左眼平均角膜瓣直径(9.1±0.1)mm,蒂宽(4.8±0.3)mm。没有发生游离瓣、破瓣、纽扣瓣、偏心瓣等严重的角膜瓣相关并发症。所有角膜瓣对合良好。结论:Moria M2型90μm显微角膜刀头制作的实际角膜瓣厚度小于预测值,个体间存在一定的可预测偏差,无严重的相关并发症发生。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.