螺旋CT在肺动脉栓塞诊断中的应用价值

目的　评价螺旋CT对急性肺动脉栓塞的诊断价值。方法　 2 4例临床确诊的肺动脉栓塞病人 ,先行螺旋CT平扫 ,后经肘静脉注入 10 0ml优维显或欧乃派克 ,延迟 15s和 30s行 2次扫描。结果　平扫的间接征象 :肺纹理稀疏 12例 ,肺梗死灶形成 11例 ,肺动脉高压 3例 ,胸膜肥厚 4例 ,胸腔积液 8例。增强后的直接征象 :充盈缺损 (附壁性 32支 ,部分性 30支 ,完全性 92支和中心性即轨道征 15支 )和动脉面细小 14支。结论　螺旋CT扫描速度快 ,图像清晰 ,不遗漏小病灶。螺旋CT肺动脉造影是急性肺动脉栓塞安全、迅速、无创伤的有效诊断方法。     

多层螺旋CT对肺动脉栓塞的诊断价值

目的:评价多层螺旋CT对急性肺动脉栓塞的诊断价值。方法:22例临床确诊的肺动脉栓塞患者,先行螺旋CT平扫,后经肘静脉注入碘海醇100 ml,延迟15~20 s和25~30 s行两次扫描。结果:平扫的间接征象:肺纹理稀疏11例,肺梗死灶形成9例,肺动脉高压2例,胸膜肥厚3例,胸腔积液8例。增强后的直接征象:充盈缺损(附壁性32支,部分性30支,完全性92支和中心性即轨道征15支)和动脉面细小14支。结论:螺旋CT肺动脉造影是急性肺动脉栓塞安全、迅速、无创伤的有效诊断方法。     

肺动脉栓塞的螺旋CT诊断

目的 探讨螺旋CT检查对肺动脉栓塞的诊断价值。方法 对23例临床疑为肺动脉栓塞的患者行CT平扫及增强扫描，其中，5例于溶栓治疗6～14d后进行了复查。结果 23例患者累及62处肺动脉。25处表现为中心性充盈缺损，29处表现为附壁性充盈缺损，8处为完全性栓塞。其他间接征象有渗出性改变，胸腔积液，胸膜局限性肥厚，肺动脉高压，右心室增大以及心包积液。结论 螺旋CT检查对肺动脉栓塞的诊断具有重要价值。     

多层螺旋CT 肺动脉造影在肺动脉栓塞中的诊断价值

目的：探讨多层螺旋CT肺动脉造影（CTPA）对肺动脉栓塞（PE）诊断的价值。方法对临床怀疑有肺动脉栓塞的40例患者进行C T肺动脉造影检查,扫描原始图像传至飞利浦EBW工作站,采用最大密度投影（M IP ）、多平面重建（M PR）、容积再现（VR）等后处理技术,结合薄层原始图像进行综合分析。结果确定肺动脉栓塞16例,其中左右肺动脉栓塞3例,肺叶动脉及肺段动脉同时栓塞6例,左右肺动脉至肺亚段动脉多发栓塞7例。直接征象为动脉管腔内完全或不完全充盈缺损,间接征象为阻塞远端肺组织纹理稀疏,节段性肺梗死灶,胸腔积液等。结论多层螺旋CT肺动脉造影对诊断肺动脉栓塞特异性较高,在无碘过敏等禁忌症情况下安全性高,技术优势明显,能帮助临床作出确定性诊断。     

MSCT肺血管造影在肺动脉栓塞诊断中的应用

目的:探讨MSCT肺血管造影在肺动脉栓塞诊断中的应用.方法:10例肺动脉栓塞患者采用MSCT增强扫描,并进行多平面重建结果:应用16排螺旋CT扫描主肺动脉、叶肺动脉、段、亚段动脉显示良好,显示受累肺动脉72支,其直接征象为肺动脉充盈缺损,间接征象包括肺梗死、肺少血征、胸腔积液.结论:16层螺旋CT能清楚地显示肺栓塞的直接征象及间接征象,及时发现和诊断肺栓塞.     

肺栓塞影像学检查对比分析

目的：探讨X线、螺旋CT、多普勒超声对肺栓塞检查的诊断价值。方法：回顾性分析临床确诊及尸检解剖证实的19例肺栓塞患者，对胸部X线、螺旋CT、多普勒超声等检查进行对比分析。结果：X线胸片可显示栓塞肺野改变，肺动脉高压，肺不张，肺内梗死阴影、胸腔积液；螺旋CT能显示肺动脉主干、肺叶及肺段动脉内血栓影；超声可检测心脏形态、功能，肺动脉压力，右心及下肢静脉血栓。结论：X线平片仅能显示间接征象，敏感性低、特异生差；多普勒超声对提示和帮助肺栓塞的诊断有作用；快速螺旋CT、扫描敏感性强、特异性高，是肺动脉栓塞诊断策略的首选方法。     

肺动脉栓塞并发肺梗塞的螺旋CT征像分析

目的:探讨肺动脉栓塞(PE)并发肺梗死(PI)的CT诊断价值.方法:回顾性分析36例肺栓塞患者CT增强扫描表现.结果:36例增强扫描显示段以上肺动脉栓塞268条,局限性肺纹理稀少17例,肺动脉增粗18例,支气管动脉扩张21例,实变尖端见迂曲增粗血管影21例,胸腔积液25例.肺内实变分三型:胸膜下型、楔形实变型、大片实变型.下叶肺动脉栓塞较上叶更易形成肺内实变.并发肺梗塞20例,呈宽基底楔形实变,中心不强化,其间夹杂含气正常肺组织为特征.结论:CT对肺动脉栓塞的诊断及鉴别肺出血和肺梗塞具有较高价值.     

20例肺动脉栓塞螺旋CT增强扫描的影像分析

目的:研究肺动脉栓塞螺旋CT增强扫描的影像表现,充分认识肺栓塞的CT征象,提高肺栓塞的诊断水平。方法:共20例,男14例,女6例。使用东芝Xpress/SXCT扫描机作造影增强螺旋CT扫描。统计分析肺叶及肺叶以上肺动脉栓塞CT增强的综合表现。结果:肺动脉栓塞原发病以下肢深静脉血栓形成最为多见,有7例。下肢深静脉血栓有2例是由桑拿浴引起。将肺栓塞的程度分为轻度栓塞、中度栓塞、重度栓塞和完全栓塞。轻度栓塞为栓塞面占肺动脉管径<30%;中度栓塞为栓塞面30%～50%;重度栓塞为栓塞面>50%,周围仍见对比剂显影或通过;完全栓塞的栓塞面周边无对比剂显影通过。肺动脉栓塞直接征象是栓塞部位不强化,呈充盈缺损改变。此外,还见9个继发征象:肺动脉总干增宽,右心室和右心房增大。肺叶透亮度增加,肺血管纹理稀疏、细小。肺静脉变小,基底静脉变小,边缘不整,呈干藤样改变。左心房变小。左心室亦变小,室间隔向左后移位。肺组织实变,呈三角形。胸腔积液和心包积液。结论:肺动脉栓塞胸部螺旋CT增强扫描的表现是一组综合征象,笔者称为肺栓塞10联征。充分认识10联征,能大大提高肺栓塞的诊断水平。肺动脉栓塞有多种原发病,以下肢深静脉血栓形成最多见,桑拿浴可引起下肢深静脉血栓,可能是肺栓塞的一个诱因。     

不同级别甲型H1N1病毒性流感患者胸部影像学表现

目的 探讨不同级别甲型H1N1病毒性流感患者的胸部影像学表现,评价其表现对此病分级及预后评估的临床价值.方法 本院确诊的甲型H1N1流感患者286例行胸部X线检查,其中8例行胸部CT平扫,1例危重病例进行预后胸片及CT扫描追踪.对甲型H1N1病毒性流感患者一般病例、重症病例及危重病例的胸部X线和CT表现进行回顾性分析.结果 286例中一般病例263例,其中235例自发病至出院胸部均未出现异常表现,28例最初X 线表现以肺内轻微渗出为主;重症病例13例,其中8例以间质浸润为主,5例以局灶性斑片状高密度影为主;危重病例10例,其中7例以肺实变为主,2例局限性斑片影伴胸腔积液,1例呈毛玻璃样影,1例危重病例预后随诊肺内有纤维条索形成.结论 甲型H1N1病毒性流感患者一般病例肺部表现轻或正常,危、重病例表现为间质浸润和肺实变.     

螺旋CT血管造影诊断肺动脉栓塞

目的:评价螺旋CT血管造影(SCTA)在诊断肺动脉栓塞(PE)中的作用.材料和方法:对临床怀疑PE经SCTA明确诊断的21例患者进行回顾性分析.结果:21例患者累及97处肺动脉及其分支.直接征象:部分性充盈缺损;附壁性充盈缺损;中心性充盈缺损即轨道征;完全阻塞.间接征象:局限性肺纹理稀疏,肺动脉高压,右心扩大,胸腔积液,肺梗死灶.结论:螺旋CT血管造影对肺栓塞能明确诊断,是安全、无创、快捷的诊断方法,易于广泛应用.     

Prospective comparison of helical CT and MR imaging in clinically suspected acute pulmonary embolism

The purpose of this study is to compare sensitivity and specificity of helical CT and MR imaging for detecting acute pulmonary embolism (PE). Patients who were suspected clinically of having PE were randomly assigned to undergo either helical contrast-enhanced CT or gradient-echo MR (if one modality was contraindicated, the patient was assigned to the other). Patients were considered to have PE if they had: (1) high-probability V-Q scan and high clinical probability of PE; or (2) pulmonary angiogram positive for PE. Patients were considered not to have PE if they had either: (1) normal V-Q scan; (2) low probability V-Q scan and low clinical probability of PE; or (3) pulmonary angiogram negative for PE. The CT and MR images were read randomly and independently by five radiologists with varying levels of CT and MR experience. Twenty eight patients underwent CT and 25 MR. A total of 21 patients underwent pulmonary angiography (6 had PE, 15 did not have PE). Of the other 32 patients, 15 had high probability scan/high clinical probability and 17 had low probability scan/low clinical probability. For the five observers, the average sensitivity of CT was 75% and of MR 46%; the average specificity of CT was 89% and of MR 90%. Experience with vascular MR and enhanced CT influenced diagnostic accuracy. For the two vascular MR experts, average sensitivity and specificity of MR were 71% and 97%, and of CT 73% and 97%. In this pilot study, when CT and MR were interpreted with comparable expertise, they had similar accuracy for detecting pulmonary embolism.     

值得注意的急性肺动脉栓塞平扫CT征象

目的描述能提示急性肺动脉栓塞的CT平扫征象。方法回顾性分析49例经临床治疗证实的急性肺动脉栓塞病例的螺旋CT影像，发现能提示急性肺动脉栓塞的平扫异常征象。结果在49例平扫影像中，共有10例出现肺动脉密度改变，其中局限性密度增高6例，局限性密度减低4例。结论急性肺动脉栓塞的确诊需要行CT增强扫描，但对于不能使用对比剂或因非典型心肺症状而仅作平扫的病例，肺动脉CT平扫的异常密度改变能提示急性肺动脉栓塞的存在。     

鼻区骨折的影像学检查技术探讨

目的:探讨鼻区骨折的最佳影像学检查方法。方法:回顾性分析110例鼻区骨折病例及其常规X线检查、CT横断面和冠状面扫描的显示情况,30例行鼻骨长轴位扫描。结果:X线显示骨折51例,CT横断面和冠状面显示105例;有5例平片显示骨折线,常规CT无明显骨折线,行鼻骨长轴位得以显示。结论:CT扫描对鼻区骨折显示优于X线,CT沿鼻骨长轴位扫描是对常规CT横断面和冠状面扫描方法的又一补充。     

Pulmonary embolism: is scintigraphy useful after initial angio-CT?

PURPOSE: To assess the value of ventilation-perfusion scintigraphy after an initial helical CT with absence of pulmonary embolism (PE). MATERIAL: and methods. Twenty eight consecutive patients with clinical suspicion of pulmonary embolism underwent helical CT scan to look for an intra-luminal clot. When the CT-scan was positive for PE, diagnosis was retained. If the result was negative, a ventilation-perfusion scintigraphy was performed. If the result was also negative, diagnosis of PE was excluded. In case of discrepancy, a pulmonary angiography was performed and used as gold-standard. RESULTS: Twenty-one patients showed PE at CT-angio and 7 did not. Two of these 7 had normal or low probability scintigraphy, excluding diagnosis of PE. One had intermediate V/P scan and 4 had high probability V/P scan. For these 5 discrepancies, none of them had PE on angiography. CONCLUSION: In this population, scintigraphy was not appropriate after a negative CT-angio for PE. In case of persistent doubt after a normal initial helical CT, pulmonary angiography is required     

肺错构瘤的影像学诊断

目的 探讨肺错构瘤的X线、CT及正电子发射体层成像(PET-CT)表现及其诊断价值.资料与方法 回顾性分析20例经手术病理证实的肺错构瘤的影像学资料.结果 左肺8例,右肺12例.除1例出现浅分叶外,其余病灶均表现为边界清楚的类圆形结节影,均为单发病灶.7例胸片病灶表现为边界清楚的结节影,1例见环状钙化;13例CT均表现为边界清楚的结节影,8例可见周围血管受压推移,10例薄层扫描可见病灶内脂肪,增强扫描病变呈轻度强化;2例在PET-CT上未见显影剂浓聚.结论 胸片有助于错构瘤的检出,薄层CT平扫及增强对其诊断价值较高.     

Diagnosis of pulmonary embolism with spiral CT as a second procedure following scintigraphy

Our objective was to evaluate, in a routine clinical setting, the role of spiral CT as a second procedure in patients with clinically suspected pulmonary embolism (PE) and abnormal perfusion scan. We prospectively studied the role of spiral CT in 279 patients suspected of PE. All patients started their diagnostic algorithm with chest radiographs and perfusion scintigraphy. Depending on the results of perfusion scintigraphy, patients proceeded to subsequent levels in the algorithm: stop if perfusion scintigraphy was normal; CT and pulmonary angiography if subsegmental perfusion defects were seen; ventilation scintigraphy followed by CT when segmental perfusion defects were seen; and pulmonary angiography in this last group when results of ventilation/perfusion scintigraphy and CT were incongruent. Reference diagnosis was based on normal perfusion scintigraphy, high probability perfusion/ventilation scintigraphy in combination with abnormal CT, or pulmonary angiography. If PE was present, the largest involved branch was noted on pulmonary angiography, or on spiral CT scan in case of a high-probability ventilation/perfusion scan and a positive CT scan. A distinction was made between embolism in a segmental branch or larger, or subsegmental embolism. Two hundred seventy-nine patients had abnormal scintigraphy. In 27 patients spiral CT and/or pulmonary angiography were non-diagnostic and these were excluded for image analysis. Using spiral CT we correctly identified 117 of 135 patients with PE, and 106 of 117 patients without PE. Sensitivity and specificity was therefore 87 and 91%, respectively. Prevalence of PE was 53%. Positive and negative predictive values were, respectively, 91 and 86%. In the high-probability group, sensitivity and specificity increased to 97 and 100%, respectively, with a prevalence of 90%. In the non-high probability-group sensitivity and specificity decreased to 61 and 89%, respectively, with a prevalence of 25%. In a routine clinical setting single-detector spiral CT technology has limited value as a second diagnostic test because of low added value in patients with a high-probability lung scan and low sensitivity in patients with non-high-probability lung scan result.     

Thromboembolic disease detection at indirect CT venography versus CT pulmonary angiography

PURPOSE: To assess the incremental increase in thromboembolic disease detection at indirect computed tomographic (CT) venography versus CT pulmonary angiography and to determine the importance of scan interval for indirect CT venography on the basis of thrombus length. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Institutional review board approval was obtained, and informed consent was not required. The study included 1590 consecutive patients undergoing CT pulmonary angiography for the suspicion of pulmonary embolism. Two minutes after completion of pulmonary angiography, a contiguous indirect CT venography was performed from the iliac crest to the popliteal fossa. The presence of pulmonary embolism or deep venous thrombosis (DVT) was recorded for all patients. The lengths of all deep venous thrombi found in the first 378 consecutive patients were recorded. RESULTS: Pulmonary embolism was detected in 243 (15%) of 1590 patients at CT pulmonary angiography, and DVT was detected in 148 (9%) patients at indirect CT venography. Among 148 patients with DVT, pulmonary embolism was detected in 100 patients at CT pulmonary angiography. Thus, the addition of indirect CT venography to CT pulmonary angiography resulted in a 20% incremental increase in thromboembolic disease detection compared with that at CT pulmonary angiography alone (99% confidence interval: 17%, 23%). Among the 378 patients, DVT was present in 33 patients at indirect CT venography. Two (6%) of 33 patients had clots measuring 2 cm or less, six (18%) had clots measuring 3-4 cm, and 25 (76%) had clots measuring more than 4 cm in length. CONCLUSION: The addition of indirect CT venography to CT pulmonary angiography incrementally increases the detection rate of thromboembolic disease by 20%. Performance of indirect CT venography by using contiguous section intervals, with a section width of 1 cm, is recommended to accurately detect DVT.     

电子束CT在肺动脉栓塞治疗中的应用评价(附五例报告)

目的探讨肺动脉栓塞（ＰＥ）溶栓或手术治疗前后电子束ＣＴ（ＥＢＣＴ）检查的临床价值。方法３例急性ＰＥ行静脉溶栓治疗,２例慢性ＰＥ行肺动脉血栓及内膜清除术,所有病例均在治疗前１周及治疗后２周内行ＥＢＣＴ增强连续容积扫描,慢性ＰＥ尚作ＥＢＣＴ心脏电影。结果３例急性ＰＥ中２例在溶栓后ＥＢＣＴ复查示病灶基本消失,另１例首次溶栓后ＥＢＣＴ示病变无显著变化,遂更改治疗方案而奏效,血栓消失;２例慢性ＰＥ经手术治疗,ＥＢＣＴ证实病灶基本清除,心功能明显改善。结论ＥＢＣＴ对ＰＥ溶栓及手术治疗有重要的诊断和指导治疗价值,也是治疗后随访的可靠方法。     

Right ventricular dysfunction secondary to acute massive pulmonary embolism detected by helical computed tomography pulmonary angiography

OBJECTIVE: Acute massive pulmonary embolism causes abrupt pulmonary arterial hypertension and right ventricular dysfunction (RVD). Patients with RVD have a worse prognosis than those with normal right ventricular function. Consequently, recognizing the RVD at the time of pulmonary embolism is useful for risk stratification and enables more aggressive therapy. The study compared the accuracy of helical computed tomographic (CT) scans with echocardiography in the detecting of RVD in patients with acute massive pulmonary embolism. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Specifically, this work reviewed the CT pulmonary angiograms of 14 patients who were positive for acute massive pulmonary embolism during a 52-month period. CT scans were reviewed for findings indicating RVD. Scans were considered positive for RVD if the right ventricle was dilated or there was leftward shift of the interventricular septum. Echocardiographic reports serving as the reference standard for the diagnosis of RVD were also reviewed. CT study results were then correlated with echocardiography results. RESULTS: Among 14 patients with massive pulmonary embolism, echocardiography identified 12 patients having RVD, whereas the remaining two patients were negative for RVD. Meanwhile, CT correctly identified 11 of 12 patients as having RVD, and was negative for RVD in the remaining 3 patients. Correlated with echocardiography, CT scan for RVD detection had a sensitivity of 91.6% and a specificity of 100%. CONCLUSIONS: CT can accurately detect RVD in patients with acute massive pulmonary embolism. However, this result requires confirmation using a larger prospective cohort study.     

Computed tomography evaluation of right heart dysfunction in patients with acute pulmonary embolism

PURPOSE: To evaluate the role of qualitative assessment of right heart dysfunction on multidetector computed tomography (CT) in patients with acute pulmonary embolism. METHODS: Seventy-four consecutive adults with pulmonary embolism diagnosed on multidetector nongated CT were identified between July 2002 and March 2004. There were 47 women and 27 men, with a mean age of 62 years. Each CT scan was jointly reviewed by 2 of 3 reviewers in consensus. The CT scans were qualitatively assessed for dilatation of the right ventricle and the position of the interventricular septum. Scans were considered positive for right heart dysfunction if, on visual integration of multiple axial images, the right ventricle was dilated or the interventricular septum was straightened or bowed into the left ventricle. The extent of pulmonary vascular obstruction was graded using the CT clot burden scoring system. Reports of echocardiograms (n = 30) were reviewed when available. The sensitivity and specificity of CT and echocardiography in demonstrating right heart dysfunction were calculated and compared using pulmonary vascular obstruction of > or =30% as the reference standard. RESULTS: Sixty-six percent (49 of 74 patients) with pulmonary embolism had right heart dysfunction on CT, with right ventricular dilatation in 38 patients and septal straightening or bowing in 44 patients. Forty-nine percent (36 of 74 patients) had pulmonary vasculature obstruction of > or =30%. There was a significant difference between the mean clot burden of patients with (12.8) and without (7.5) right heart dysfunction on CT (P = 0.0021). The sensitivity and specificity of CT in demonstrating right heart dysfunction were 81% (29 of 36 patients) and 47% (18 of 38 patients), respectively. Forty-one percent (30 of 74 patients) had technically adequate echocardiograms within 48 hours of CT. Fifty-seven percent (17 of 30) of the echocardiograms were positive for right heart dysfunction. There was no significant difference between the mean clot burden of patients with (12.7) and without (10.3) right heart dysfunction on echocardiography. Echocardiography had a sensitivity of 56% (10 of 17 patients) and a specificity of 42% (5 of 13 patients) in demonstrating right heart dysfunction. CONCLUSION: Qualitative assessment of the cardiac chambers is a quick and practical means of evaluating for right heart dysfunction on CT. Computed tomography findings of right heart dysfunction in patients with acute pulmonary embolism compare favorably with echocardiography and correlate with a higher mean pulmonary arterial clot burden. Because most patients do not undergo echocardiography, chest CT often provides the only opportunity to evaluate for right heart dysfunction in patients with acute pulmonary embolism.