巨大乙状结肠间质瘤一例

<正>患者,男,69岁。凶"消瘦半年"入院。体检检查:躯干皮肤可见少量散在分布的点状皮疹,余末见明显异常。腹平软,无明显压痛及反跳痛,腹部至盆腔可触及一大小约13 cm×12 cm巨大肿块,质稍硬,边界欠清晰,推挤不移动,按压无明显疼痛。CT检查提示下腹部至盆腔见一巨大厚壁囊状占位,边界欠清晰,大小约147 mm×133 mm,内见液体及气体密度     

腹膜后黏液样脂肪肉瘤术后复发成功切除一例

患者男,74岁,因"发现右上腹肿物半个月余"于2007年12月17日入院.体格检查:右侧腹可触及一约8 cm×6 cm大小肿物,可推动、无压痛,辅助检查:腹部B超:腹后腔实质性肿块,大小约12.2 cm × 10.5 cm × 10.8 cm.CT检查:右侧腹膜后肿块大小约13.5 cm×13.2 cm×10.6 cm,其内见片状钙化影及小片状囊变区.     

腹腔镜下切除巨大腹膜后囊肿1例报道

<正>病例资料患者,女,33岁,因"发现右腹部肿块伴疼痛1个月"入院。入院时患者无腹胀、腹痛、恶心、呕吐及发热,体质量无变化,二便正常。查体:右中上腹触及一约20 cm×15 cm大肿块,质韧,无活动,轻压痛。腹部彩超检查示:右上腹见巨大低回声肿块(23 cm×19 cm×15 cm大),边界清。腹部增强CT检查示(图1):右上腹巨大囊性低密度灶(20 cm×18 cm×15 cm大),密度均匀,增强未见强化,平均     

肠源性囊肿二例

患者1女性,38岁,因"体检发现腹腔占位11 d"于2009年12月11日入院.患者无发热、腹痛、腹胀,无恶心、呕吐、腹泻等.入院体检:全腹无异常体征,未触及包块.腹部彩色多普勒超声提示:右侧腹腔内近右肾下极处可见一大小约95 mm ×49 mm偏低囊性回声,界清,内回声欠均匀,未见明显血流信号;腹部CT增强扫描提示:右肾下极及下腔静脉前方见类似哑铃状囊性密度肿块,CT值约23.0 Hu,最大层面大小约40 mm×100 mm,下腔静脉变扁,右肾及肠系膜上血管受压移位,增强后见部分囊壁强化.     

腹腔干-肠系膜上动脉共干部动脉瘤一例

患者 男性,53岁,因“发作饥饿、心悸、发现低血糖2周”于2008年2月4日入院。入院体检无阳性发现。腹部CT平扫发现胰腺后方等密度结节影．增强扫描病变呈明显均匀强化．与腹主动脉强化程度一致;见图1。螺旋CT血管造影（coinputed tomography angiography,CTA）提示腹主动脉腹腔干与肠系膜上动脉共干,其分叉部可见一动脉瘤,大小约38．3mm×25．3mm．口径约15．7mm．瘤体压迫脾静脉及门静脉：见图2。     

青年巨大脾囊肿1例

<正>1临床资料患者男,21岁。因体检发现脾脏占位6 d入院。否认有腹部外伤史。查体:腹部平坦;左上腹轻度压痛,无肌紧张,脾下缘距左锁骨中线与肋缘交接处5 cm,边缘钝,质地中等。腹部B超:脾区可见大小134 mm×129 mm的囊性包块,边界清,形态规则,内部回声不均,可见稍强回声区。CDFI显示其内未见明显血流信号。CT示脾脏巨大囊性占位,边缘清楚,大小约13.7 cm×12.6 cm,CT值约12 Hu。     

多脏器多发性囊肿一例

患者男，63岁。因腹胀痛伴呕吐15d，于2007年2月5日入院。查体：中上腹可扪及包块，质软，边界不清，不活动，大小约9．0cm×8．0cm×7．5cm，无压痛。腹部B超：右上腹11．2cm×8．5cm×6．4cm囊性肿块，边界清楚，形态尚规则，内可见光带飘浮；肝右叶可见数个大小不等无回声区，壁薄光滑，最大面积约2．0cm×1．8cm；胆总管内径为1．1cm。腹部彩超：右上腹13．5cm×9．0cm×7．6cm囊性肿块，形态欠规则，壁光滑，内透声不清晰，呈网状分隔，彩色多普勒超声血流显像未见明显血流信号，壁周围可见少许血流信号。腹部CT平扫＋增强：（1）肝脏右叶囊肿。（2）十二指肠降段至空肠起始段扩张，其内充满水样密度影，CT值12Hu，三期扫描水样密度影无扩张，内侧可见不均匀强化。     

偶发性腹膜后精原细胞瘤合并高钙血症一例报告

患者,男,55岁.2011年10月10日因轻微脑震荡入院.查体:右腰腹部可扪及包块,大小约15 cm×15 cm×10 cm,光滑,边界清楚,活动度可,无触痛,随呼吸可上下移动,移动性浊音阴性,肠鸣音正常.实验室检查:血钙3.65 mmol/L,SCr 285 μmol/L,BUN 20.29 mmol/L,甲状旁腺激素4.4 ng/L.甲状腺CT检查未见异常.腹部CT检查示右肾区巨大腹膜后肿块,增强CT检查示右侧盆腔异位肾,右肾区腹膜后巨大占位,大小10.6 cm×17.3cm×9.8 cm,内见多发斑片状及条状钙化灶,余处密度尚均匀,肿瘤血管来自腹主动脉.     

肠系膜囊性淋巴管瘤合并出血1例

患者男,62岁,因“左下腹部疼痛不适1 d”入院,腹痛呈持续性,阵发性加重,伴腹胀。查体：腹部膨隆,左下腹隆起明显,左下腹压痛、反跳痛,可扪及1个大小约30 cm× 20 cm肿块,质硬,活动度差,触痛。血常规：HGB 76 g/L。腹部增强CT检查提示：腹盆腔内可见团块状混杂密度影（图1）,CT值约20~74HU,增...     

原发性下腔静脉平滑肌肉瘤1例

<正>患者女,55岁,因"无明显诱因出现腹部包块2年余"入院。查体:下腹部触及约15cm×15cm×20cm肿物,活动性欠佳,无明显压痛、反跳痛及肌紧张。CT:右侧腹膜后见团块状浅分叶型软组织密度影,约18.1cm×10.4cm×8.6cm,CT值约9~70HU,边缘尚清,增强扫描病灶呈不均匀延迟强化,内见     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.