应用颈动脉脉搏波传播速度对糖尿病患者颈动脉弹性功能的研究

目的：探讨颈动脉脉搏波传播速度（CPWV）评价糖尿病患者颈动脉弹性功能的价值。方法：应用组织多普勒技术和M-型超声对123例糖尿病患者（分糖尿病无高血压组78例和糖尿病合并高血压组45例）以及50例健康人的颈动脉进行检测，测量电-机械时间（Electro-mechanical time，EMT）、脉搏波时间(Pulse wave time，PWT)、舒张期和收缩期内径，计算CPWV、僵硬度指数β和顺应性。结果：两组糖尿病患者的CPWV明显高于正常对照组（P＜0.001）。CPWV与年龄、僵硬度指数β和顺应性有相关性。结论：应用CPWV能较早的反映糖尿病患者的血管功能变化，可作为评价糖尿病患者颈动脉弹性功能的新指标。     

冠心病及高血压病患者动脉功能临床研究

目的应用踝臂指数和动脉僵硬度评价高血压病患者和冠心病患者的动脉功能变化。方法 348例受检者入选本研究,其中正常组122例,高血压病组118例,冠心病组108例。所有受检者应用动脉僵硬度和踝臂指数（AB I）对动脉功能进行了评估。结果颈动脉-股动脉的脉搏波速度冠心病组为（11.7±2.5）m/s,与正常组（10.2±1.6）m/s比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）;踝-臂脉搏波传导速度冠心病组为（1601±267）cm/s,高血压病组为（1607±311）cm/s,与正常组（1360±209）cm/s比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）;AB I冠心病组为1.09±0.14,与高血压组（1.15±0.07）比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论动脉僵硬度能够方便、快捷、无创评价动脉功能和结构的早期变化,高血压病及冠心病患者外周动脉弹性功能明显降低。     

血管回声跟踪技术对颈动脉单点脉搏波传导速度的检测及其意义

目的探讨血管回声跟踪（ET）技术对颈动脉单点脉搏波传导速度（PWVβ）的检测及其临床意义。 方法检测20～、30～、40～、50～及≥60岁5个不同年龄组健康成人145例、高血压48例、糖尿病26例、终末期肾病20例的颈动脉PWVβ；比较性别间PWVβ差异；比较各组间PWVβ值与其同龄人传统两点PWV的差异；比较上述疾病与其同龄正常人的PWVβ的差异。 结果上述5组的颈动脉PWVβ分别为4．6±0．6、5．9±1．1、6．1±1．2、6．7±1．2及（7．6±1．3）m／s；各组PWVβ均较传统的PWV值低，但二者相关性良好；不同性别间PWVβ无差异；高血压及终末期肾病患者PWVβ增高，而糖尿病患者PWVβ与同龄正常人无明显差异。 结论PWVβ随着年龄的增高而增高且与传统的PWV相关良好；PWVβ能较好地反映不同年龄及疾病的动脉弹性状态；用超声ET技术检测的PWVβ能较敏感地反映这些变化。     

高频超声评价恒河猴颈动脉内-中膜厚度及血管弹性功能

目的探讨高频超声对恒河猴颈动脉内-中膜厚度和血管弹性功能的评价价值。方法对28只恒河猴行双侧颈动脉超声检查（共56根总动脉）,其中13只为青幼年及成年组,15只为老年组。检测内容包括颈动脉内-中膜厚度（IMT）,有无斑块及狭窄,血流阻力指数（RI）,收缩期最大管径（Dd）、舒张期最小管径（Ds）,并据此及动脉血压计算出颈动脉顺应性（AC）、弹性系数（Eρ）、硬度系数（β）。结果青幼年及成年组恒河猴颈动脉AC为（0.173±0.055）mm2/kPa,Eρ为（64.939±46.003）kPa,β为4.455±2.489,颈总动脉IMT为（0.242±0.578）mm,RI为0.761±0.039,无颈动脉检出硬化斑;老年组恒河猴AC为（0.089＋0.051）mm2/kPa,Eρ为（157.855±84.617）kPa,β为10.047±4.022,IMT为（0.333＋0.071）mm,RI为0.837±0.041,5根颈动脉检出硬化斑;青幼年及成年组与老年组恒河猴AC、Eρ及β均有显著性差异（P〈0.05）,颈总动脉IMT及RI无显著性差异（P〉0.05）。结论恒河猴随年龄增长颈动脉血管弹性、顺应性下降,硬度增加,且逐渐出现动脉壁硬化斑;本组研究中恒河猴的内-中膜厚度（IMT）及血流阻力指数随年龄增加并未出现具统计学意义的增高。高频超声能准确检测出颈动脉内-中膜厚度及弹性随年龄的变化情况,为评价动脉壁结构及功能提供全面、客观的依据。     

脉冲多普勒及组织多普勒显像评价西尼地平对高血压患者左心室舒张功能的影响

目的：脉冲多普勒及组织多普勒显像技术是临床常用的评价左心室舒张功能的方法，用脉冲多普勒及组织多普勒显像技术评价西尼地平对高血压患者左心室舒张功能的影响。 方法：选择2004—03／2004-11解放军第八十八医院门诊收治的轻-中度高血压患者40例，男34例，女6例，根据左心室质量指数〉116g／m^2（男）及左心室质量指数〉104g／m^2（女）将患者分为左心室肥厚组15例，非左心室肥厚组25例；健康对照组16例，13例，女，3例。测定二尖瓣血流频谱E波速度、A波速度、E波速度／A波速度、E波减速时间、等容舒张时间，并用组织多普勒显像技术测量二尖瓣环侧壁收缩期运动速度、舒张早期运动速度、舒张晚期运动速度及舒张早期运动速度／舒张晚期运动速度。以左心室质量指数将高血压患者分为非左心室肥厚组及左心室肥厚组，比较3组间上述指标的差异。高血压组患者经2周导入期，给予西尼地平（安徽丰原药业股份有限公司、5mg／片、H20020577）5mg，1次／dH服。每2周随访患者1次，测量坐位收缩压、坐位舒张压及心率。若2周后舒张压仍大于95mmHg（1mmHg=0．133kPa），则增量至10mg，1次／dH服，共治疗8周。治疗后亦测量上述指标，与治疗前进行比较，观察降压效果及对左心室舒张功能的影响。 结果：高血压患者40例，其中1例因头痛，2例因欠合作．而退出，共37例进入结果分析；对照组16例全部进入结果分析。①非左心室肥厚组及左心室肥厚组E波速度／A波速度、舒张早期运动速度／舒张晚期运动速度比对照组降低（0．93&;#177;0．19，0．82&;#177;0．18，1．18&;#177;0．38；0．90&;#177;0．23，0．72&;#177;0．11，1．15&;#177;0．40，F=8．17～9．81，P〈0．01），且左心室肥厚组舒张早期运动速度／舒张晚期运动速度与非左心室肥厚组比较，差异有显著性意义（F=9．81，P〈0．05）；左心室肥厚组舒张早期运动速度比对照组和非左心室肥厚组均降低[（7．42&;#177;1．45），（9．66&;#177;2．56），（9．33&;#177;1．75）cm／s，P〈0．01]。②西尼地平治疗8周后两组高血压患者收缩压、舒张压均较治疗前下降[（129&;#177;10），（148&;#177;13），（86&;#177;6），（99&;#177;3）mmHg，t=3．77-13．63,P〈0．001]。③西尼地平治疗8周后两组高血压患者E波减速时间、等容舒张时间较治疗前降低[（158．53&;#177;27．09），（170．85&;#177;32．59）ms；（88．12&;#177;14．45），（101．54&;#177;20．20）ms；P〈0．05-0．001]，E波速度、E波速度／A波速度、舒张早期运动速度、舒张早期运动速度／舒张晚期运动速度均较治疗前升高[（71．06&;#177;13．34），（66．63&;#177;12．45）cm／s；（0．92&;#177;0．19），（Q87&;#177;0．18）；（9.21&;#177;2．02），（8.44&;#177;1．80）cm／s；（0．93&;#177;0．20），（0．82&;#177;0．21）；P〈0．0l～0．001]。 结论：与正常入相比高血压患者存在左心室舒张功能障碍；组织多普勒显像技术测量二尖瓣环侧壁组织运动速度在评价左心室舒张功能方面较二尖瓣血流频谱更准确；西尼地平对轻中度高血压患者具有良好的降压作用，能改善高血压患者左心室舒张功能。     

老年高血压患者颈动脉血流动力学变化的超声特征

背景：血管超声检查动脉管壁的中内膜厚度及粥样斑块与病理学方法相关良好。目的：应用超声方法观察老年高血压患者的颈总动脉和颈内动脉的血流动力学变化，并评价脉压、左室质量指数、血管的阻力指数、切率之间的相互关系。设计：随机对照，相关分析实验。单位：江苏大学附属医院超声科。对象：选择2000—09—30／2002-03-30江苏大学附属医院超声科入选老年高血压患者54例，男33例，女21例。同期在本院超声科检查的正常血压（收缩压〈130mmHg和／或舒张压〈85mmHg）者为对照组26例．男16例．女10例。方法：彩色多普勒血流显像技术检查每例患者左室腔舒张末内径，室间隔与左室后壁的舒张末厚度，计算左室质量指数。检查双侧颈总动脉和颈内动脉的内径、中内膜厚度和收缩期血流最大峰值流速及阻力指数，计算血管的切率和斑块指数，对动脉压、左室质量指数与阻力指数和切率作线性相关分析，并与同期对照组比较。主要观察指标：①两组受检对象脉压、左室质量指数和颈总动脉斑块指数。②双侧颈总动脉和颈内动脉的内径、中内膜厚度和收缩期血流最大峰值流速及阻力指数，计算斑块指数及最大切率。结果：80例对象均进入结果分析。①老年高血压组脉压，左室质量指数，斑块发生率和斑块指数明显大于对照组[（64．36&;#177;7．44）mmHg，（45．78&;#177;8．72）mmHg；（131．47&;#177;18．73）g／m^2，（83．28&;#177;1234）g／m^2；5.62&;#177;1．78．3．44&;#177;1．10；66．7％，23．1％，（X^2=13．37，t=5．730-13．234，P〈0．01）]。②老年高血压组颈总动脉和颈内动脉的内径、中内膜厚度、阻力指数明显高于对照组[颈总动脉：（8．96&;#177;1．20）mm,（8．08&;#177;0．96）mm；（1．28&;#177;0．88）mm,（0．91&;#177;0．17）mm;0．75&;#177;0．05，0．69&;#177;0．06。颈内动脉：（6．82&;#177;1．12）mm，（5．72&;#177;0．92）mm;（1．06&;#177;0．17）mm，（0．76&;#177;0．15）mm；0．70&;#177;0．07，0．64&;#177;0．06，t=2．872～10．850．P〈0．01]，收缩期血流最大峰值流速和切率明显低于对照组[颈总动脉：（47．44&;#177;12．85）cm／s,（60．20&;#177;14．32）cm／s；（225．78&;#177;95．76）／s,（300．26&;#177;110.42）/s。颈内动脉：（41．22&;#177;10．18）cm／s，（48．64&;#177;11．58）cm／s；（268．54&;#177;112．56）／s，（324．52&;#177;121．42）／s，t=2．872-10．850，P〈0．01]。③老年高血压患者的脉压，左室质量指数及颈总动脉和颈内动脉的阻力指数、切率之间呈线性弱相关（r=0．30～0．36,P〈0．05）。结论：老年高血压患者脉压增大，左室质量指数增加，颈动脉血管扩张，中内膜增厚，阻力指数增大、切率降低，粥样斑块形成，血管壁硬度增加使顺应性下降。     

描述动脉硬化的常用血压参数及临床应用价值

血压是重要的生命体征之一,临床上常用来描述血压的4个参数为收缩压（systolic blood pressure,SBP）、舒张压（diastolic blood pressure,DBP）、平均动脉压（mean arterial pressure,MAP）和脉压（pulse pressure,PP）,由其演变出脉压指数（pulse pressure index,PPI）、收缩压分数（fractional systolic pressure,FSP）、舒张压分数（fractional diastolic pressure,FDP）。其测量方法有无创和有创两种,常用的无创测量方法是使用水银柱式血压计或动态血压监测,测得的肱动脉血压称外周血压;通过动脉导管或脉搏波分析（pulse wave analysis）测得的主动脉或颈动脉血压称中心血压。研究发现,SBP主要取决于每搏排出量,左室射血速率和大动脉顺应性,DBP主要受外周血管阻力影响。近年来的研究结果证实,动脉僵硬度增加,顺应性降低可能参与动脉粥样硬化的形成,     

高血压患者治疗前后颈动脉弹性功能的超声定量检测

目的探讨血管回声跟踪技术(ET)检测高血压患者治疗前后颈动脉弹性功能改变及其意义。方法应用ET检测高血压患者共20例,分别在用尼莫地平和/或卡托普利治疗前及治疗3个月后检测颈动脉的弹性指标僵硬度参数(β)、压力应变弹性系数(Ep)、动脉顺应性(AC)、脉搏波放大指数(AI)及脉搏波传递速度(PWVβ),并与20例对照组进行比较。结果高血压患者治疗前与对照组相比,β、Eρ、AC及PWVβ有明显差异,治疗前后颈动脉的弹性指标无明显改变。结论本组高血压患者治疗3个月后,颈动脉弹性指标无明显改善,ET技术能定量反映高血压治疗前后颈动脉弹性功能状况。     

超声检查评价代谢综合征患者颈动脉结构和功能变化

目的：观察超声检测代谢综合征患者颈动脉结构和功能的变化特点,并与健康者、单纯高血压、糖尿病患者比较.方法：①纳入2001-02/2003-01广州邮电医院内科门诊或住院高血压、糖尿病、代谢综合征患者115例.其中代谢综合征患者47例（代谢综合征组）,单纯高血压患者36例（高血压组）,糖尿病患者32例（糖尿病组）.选择同期本院体检健康者19例（对照组）.所有入选者均对实验目的知情同意.②采用美国ALT HDI3000彩色多普勒超声显像仪对双侧颈动脉进行超声检查.对受检者双侧颈动脉进行测量,在颈总动脉分叉近心端10,20,30 mm3处分别测取前壁和后壁内膜-中层厚度,双侧共测得12个值,取其平均值作为颈总动脉内膜-中层厚度.颈动脉斑块指数用Crouse方法计算.颈动脉扩张性=（颈总动脉舒张内径2-颈总动脉收缩内径2）/颈总动脉舒张内径2&;#215;脉压,颈动脉僵硬度=脉压&;#215;颈总动脉直径/颈总动脉每搏血管内径变化幅度.③组间比较用t检验.结果：单纯高血压患者36例,糖尿病患者32例,代谢综合征患者47例,健康者19例均进入结果分析.代谢综合征组患者颈动脉内膜-中层厚度、颈动脉斑块指数、颈动脉僵硬度明显大于和高于其他3组（P＜0.05～0.01）,颈动脉扩张性明显低于其他3组（P＜0.05～0.01）.结论：代谢综合征患者颈动脉粥样硬化程度及颈动脉扩张性和顺应性改变较糖尿病及单纯高血压患者严重,代谢综合征患者特有的多重危险因子聚集的情况,对颈动脉结构和功能损害可能起协同作用.     

应用彩色多普勒血管回声跟踪技术监测老年高血压患者经苯磺酸氨氯地平干预后动脉弹性功能变化

目的:动脉弹性与高血压颈动脉粥样硬化的发病以及最终的心脑血管事件密切相关。试验采用血管弹性量化分析技术-血管回声跟踪技术观察苯磺酸氨氯地平对老年高血压患者动脉弹性功能的影响。方法:选取2006-06/12井冈山学院附属医院就诊的52例符合WHO/ISH原发性高血压诊断标准的老年患者为高血压组,入选患者未服用过降压药物或已停用降压药1周以上。高血压组服用苯磺酸氨氯地平,5～10mg/d,服药观察时间24周,治疗前后测定收缩压、舒张压、脉压差及心率,并应用ALOKA超声波诊断装置和血管回声跟踪技术获取动脉弹性功能指标,包括僵硬度指数、颈动脉脉搏波传导速度、反射波增强指数、压力-应变弹性指数、动脉顺应性、颈动脉内膜中层厚度。以51例血压水平正常的老年人为对照组。所有受试者对试验及检测项目知情同意。结果:103例受试者全部进入结果分析。①治疗前高血压组的收缩压、颈动脉内膜中层厚度、僵硬度指数、颈动脉脉搏波传导速度、压力-应变弹性指数各项指标均值都比对照组高,动脉顺应性低于对照组,差异都有显著性意义(P<0.05)。高血压组反射波增强指数与对照组相比差异没有显著性意义(P>0.05)。②高血压组使用苯磺酸氨氯地平24周后,收缩压、颈动脉内膜中层厚度、僵硬度指数、颈动脉脉搏波传导速度、压力-应变弹性指数比用药前降低,差异有显著性意义(P<0.05)。动脉顺应性动脉顺应性升高,差异有显著性意义(P<0.05)。反射波增强指数虽有升高,但差异无显著性意义(P>0.05)。结论:①应用彩色多普勒血管回声跟踪技术可无创、直观监测患者动脉弹性功能。②苯磺酸氨氯地平有改善老年高血压患者动脉弹性的作用。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Modified micro-superior percutaneously-assisted total hip: early experiences & case reports

Because of the extensile nature and familiarity of the standard posterior-lateral approach to the hip, a family of "micro-posterior" approaches has been developed. This family includes the Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (PATH) approach, the Supercapsular (SuperCap) approach and a newer hybrid approach, the Supercapsular Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (SuperPATH) approach. Such approaches should ideally provide a continuum for the surgeon: from a "micro" (external rotator sparing) posterior approach, to a "mini" (external rotator sacrificing) posterior approach, to a standard posterior approach. This could keep a surgeon within his comfort zone during the learning curve of the procedure, while leaving options for complicated reconstructions for the more practiced micro-posterior surgeons. This paper details one author's experiences utilizing this combined approach, as well as permutations of this entire micro-posterior family of approaches as applied to more complex hip reconstructions.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Structure and function of "metalloantibiotics"

Although most antibiotics do not need metal ions for their biological activities, there are a number of antibiotics that require metal ions to function properly, such as bleomycin (BLM), streptonigrin (SN), and bacitracin. The coordinated metal ions in these antibiotics play an important role in maintaining proper structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Removal of the metal ions from these antibiotics can cause changes in structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Similar to the case of "metalloproteins," these antibiotics are dubbed "metalloantibiotics" which are the title subjects of this review. Metalloantibiotics can interact with several different kinds of biomolecules, including DNA, RNA, proteins, receptors, and lipids, rendering their unique and specific bioactivities. In addition to the microbial-originated metalloantibiotics, many metalloantibiotic derivatives and metal complexes of synthetic ligands also show antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-neoplastic activities which are also briefly discussed to provide a broad sense of the term "metalloantibiotics."