大学生主观幸福感与社会支持自我效能感的关系研究

本研究采用问卷法考察大学生主观幸福感、社会支持和自我效能感三者的关系。采用随机抽样法,抽取某大学本科生408名,进行了总体幸福感量表、一般自我效能感量表和领悟社会支持量表的调查。结果发现:大学生的社会支持、自我效能感与主观幸福感存在显著正相关;社会支持和自我效能感对主观幸福感均存在正向预测作用,社会支持各维度中家庭支持预测力最高,其次为朋友支持。社会支持和自我效能感作为大学生主观幸福感的预测变量,能显著影响其主观幸福感。     

未来时间洞察力在电大学生自我效能感与主观幸福感中的关系探讨

为探讨自我效能感、未来时间洞察力与主观幸福感的关系。采用自我效能感量表、未来时间洞察力问卷和主观幸福感量表,对广州广播电视大学的644名学生进行调查。结果显示:大学生的自我效能感和主观幸福感呈正相关,自我效能感对主观幸福感既有直接的影响,也通过未来时间洞察力产生间接影响。可见,自我效能感可以正向预测主观幸福感,未来时间洞察力在自我效能感和主观幸福感中起部分中介作用。     

大学生主观幸福感现状与其自我效能感的关系研究

目的 探讨大学生主观幸福感现状与其自我效能感水平的关系.方法 采用中国人幸福感量表和自我效能感量表对922名大学生主观幸福感现状进行调查;分析大学生自我效能感水平对其主观幸福感状况的影响.结果 922名大学生主观幸福感碍分最高分为125分,最低分为31分,平均(61.7±11.3)分.自我效能感及2个维度对主...     

大学生应对方式、自我效能感与主观幸福感的关系

目的:探讨大学生的应对方式、自我效能感与主观幸福感之间的关系,为进一步开展大学生心理健康教育提供依据。方法:应用简易应对方式量表、一般自我效能感量表和总体幸福感量表对随机抽取的487名大学生进行测评。结果:大学生总体幸福感和自我效能感均处于中等偏上水平,应对方式以积极应对为主。自我效能感水平越高的大学生积极应对方式得分也越高(F=27.487,P0.01),积极应对方式与大学生总体幸福感之间呈正相关(r=0.290,P0.05),自我效能感水平越高的大学生总体幸福感也越高(F=15.395,P0.01)。结论:大学生的自我效能感和应对方式对主观幸福感有显著影响作用,积极的应对方式,可提高大学生的自我效能感,从而有效地提升其主观幸福感水平。     

学业自我效能感、社交焦虑对大学生主观幸福感的影响研究

目的探讨大学生学业自我效能感、社交焦虑和主观幸福感的关系。方法采用主观幸福感量表、学业自我效能感问卷和社交焦虑量表对294名大学生进行测量。结果①主观幸福感、学业自我效能感、社交焦虑在各年级之间差异不显著(P>0.05);②在学业自我效能感对主观幸福感的影响中,社交焦虑的中介效应非常显著(P<0.01);③社交焦虑和学业自我效能感可以较好地预测主观幸福感(F(3,290)=51.38,P<0.001);④随着对学习满意度的增加,学生的学业自我效能感(F(1,289)=69.79,P<0.001)和主观幸福感(χ2(4)=19.77,P=0.001)随之增长,社交焦虑呈下降趋势(F(1,289)=10.83,P=0.001)。结论社交焦虑在大学生学业自我效能感和主观幸福感的关系中有着重要的中介作用;大学生学习满意度的提高将有利于其社交焦虑的降低和主观幸福感的增强。     

广州大学城大学生自我效能感与主观幸福感研究

目的探讨广州大学城大学生自我效能感与主观幸福感之间的关系。方法采用一般自我效能感量表和总体幸福感量表对461名广州大学城大学生进行调查。结果 1大学生的自我效能感和主观幸福感均不存在性别(t=1.93,P=0.055;t=-0.52,P=0.607)、年级差异(t=-1.553,P=0.936;t=0.080,P=0.121),学校存在显著的差异(F=5.860,4.271,P均0.05);2大学生的自我效能感与主观幸福感及其6因子均存在显著的相关关系(r=0.243,0.165,0.370,0.331,0.286,0.223,0.378,P均0.001);3高自我效能感组和低自我效能感组在对情感和行为的控制、精力、忧郁或愉快的心境和主观幸福感上均存在显著差异(t=-3.438,-3.949,-2.257,-3.405,P均0.001);4自我效能感均进入主观幸福感及各因子的回归方程,对其均有较好的预测作用,其中对主观幸福感的预测最佳(F=28.845,12.821,72.784,56.464,41.025,23.946,76.512,P均0.001)。结论大学生的自我效能感影响其主观幸福感。     

大学生情绪调节自我效能感在神经质、外倾性和主观幸福感间的中介作用

目的:探讨大学生的情绪调节自我效能感在神经质、外倾性人格特质和主观幸福感之间的中介作用。方法:选取456名大学生,采用中文版情绪调节自我效能感量表(RES)、简式中国版艾森克人格问卷(EPQ-RSC)、幸福感指数量表(IWS)进行测量。结果:情绪调节自我效能感和神经质、外倾性人格特质对主观幸福感有预测作用,在控制了情绪调节自我效能感后,神经质对主观幸福感的负向预测作用依然有统计学意义(β值从-0.38下降到-0.27,P0.01);外倾性对主观幸福感的正向预测作用亦有统计学意义(β值从0.29下降到0.19,P0.01)。结论:情绪调节自我效能感可能在神经质、外倾性及主观幸福感之间起部分中介作用。     

自我价值感及其领域权变性与主观幸福感的关系

目的:考察大学生的自我价值感、自我价值感领域权变性水平及其与主观幸福感的关系.方法:采用自我价值感量表、自我价值感领域权变性量表和主观幸福感量表对320名大学生进行了调查.结果:自我价值感和自我价值感领域权变性各个因子都与主观幸福感相关显著.自我价值感与主观幸福感的相关高于自我价值感领域权变性与主观幸福感的相关,自我价值感对主观幸福感的方差解释量高于自我价值感领域权变性对主观幸福感的方差解释量(19.2%vs.12.4%),自我价值感领域权变性对自我价值感影响主观幸福感的调节作用不显著.结论:自我价值感比自我价值感领域权变性更能有效预测个体的主观幸福感.     

毕业生未来时间洞察力对主观幸福感的影响:社会支持和职业决策自我效能感的多重中介效应

目的:探究社会支持、职业决策自我效能感对未来时间洞察力和主观幸福感关系的多重中介作用。方法:采用大学生未来时间洞察力量表、领悟社会支持量表、职业决策自我效能感量表、情感量表2和生活满意度量表对607名面临找工作的大学生进行问卷调查。结果:(1)未来时间洞察力能够对主观幸福感造成显著的正向影响;(2)社会支持和职业决策自我效能感的中介效应显著,其中介过程有双重中介和链式中介。结论:未来时间洞察力对幸福感既有直接影响,也可以通过社会支持和职业决策自我效能感的多重中介效应来间接影响。     

自我效能感、婚姻调适、职业压力与中小学班主任主观幸福感的关系

目的:探讨中小学班主任自我效能感在婚姻调适、职业压力与主观幸福感之间的中介作用.方法:采用一般自我效能感量表(GSES)、Locke-Wallace婚姻调适测定、教师职业压力问卷与总体幸福感量表(GWB)对211位中小学班主任进行测量.结果:①相关分析表明,主观幸福感与婚姻调适、自我效能感呈显著正相关,与职业压力呈显著负相关(P＜0.01);自我效能感与婚姻调适呈显著正相关,与职业压力呈显著负相关(P＜0.01).②婚姻调适、职业压力和自我效能感对主观幸福感具有直接影响;婚姻调适、职业压力可以通过自我效能感预测主观幸福感.结论:自我效能感在婚姻调适、职业压力影响主观幸福感中具有部分中介效应.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis

Introduction: The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors.

Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke exposure, water hardness, urban vs. rural living, diet, breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics on AD.

Expert commentary: The increased global prevalence of AD cannot be attributed to genetics alone, suggesting that evolving environmental exposures may trigger and/or flare disease in predisposed individuals. There is a complex interplay between different environmental factors, including individual use of personal care products and exposure to climate, pollution, food and other exogenous factors. Understanding these complex risk factors is crucial to developing targeted interventions to prevent the disease in millions. Moreover, patients require counseling on optimal regimens for minimization of exposure to irritants and pruritogens and other harmful exposures.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.