无创高频与加温湿化高流量鼻导管通气在早产儿呼吸窘迫综合征序贯撤机的临床应用

目的:探讨经鼻无创高频振荡通气(noninvasive high frequency oscillatory ventilation,nHFOV)与加温湿化高流量鼻导管通气(heated humidified high flow nasal cannula,HHHFNC)在极低出生体重早产儿呼吸窘迫综合征(respir...     

A Real‐time Color Doppler Marker for Echocardiographic Guidance of an Acoustically Active Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Cannula

B‐mode ultrasound imaging guidance of cannulas can be compromised by noise, artifacts, and echogenicity that is not distinctive from that of surrounding anatomy. We have modified a venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation cannula by embedding piezoelectric crystals into each of its 3 blood flow ports. Each vibrating crystal acoustically interacts with a Doppler imaging signal and produces an instantaneous color marker. The aim of this study was to compare identification of the extracorporeal membrane oxygenation cannula ports by B‐mode imaging versus the color Doppler marker. Unlike B‐mode imaging, the color Doppler marker identified the corresponding port even in highly challenging closed‐chest scans in anesthetized pigs. The method could improve guidance accuracy of cannulas by ultrasound scans.     

合用盐酸右美托咪定对异丙酚最低诱导剂量和气管插管心血管反应的影响

目的 探讨妇科腹腔镜患者使用右美托咪定对异丙酚最低诱导剂量的影响和对气管插管心血管反应的影响.方法 本研究采用双盲、随机、对照法,选择60例妇产科择期腹腔镜手术患者为研究对象,随机平分为右美托咪定组（治疗组）和对照组.诱导前治疗组按照右美托咪定0.1 μg/（kg·min）速度泵入并持续10 min;10 min后改为0.4μg/（kg·h）的速度输注,至麻醉插管后1h,观察结束;对照组以同样方法输注等量的0.9％氯化钠注射液.10 min后,两组均以0.4mg/（kg·min）的速度泵注丙泊酚诱导.待患者睫毛反射消失,且脑电双频谱指数（BIS）值在40～60时,记录丙泊酚的使用量.恒速输注丙泊酚基础上,给予芬太尼、罗库溴后2 min行气管内插管.记录镇静警觉评分（OAA/S评分）值、平均动脉压、心率、血氧饱和度（SpO2）、BIS值.记录时间点为给药前（基础值）及给药后5、10 min和睫毛反射消失时、插管前、置入喉镜时及插管后1、3、5 min时.结果 OAA/S评分和BIS值在用药后5、10min,治疗组均明显低于对照组（P均＜0.05）.治疗组睫毛反射消失时、插管前、置入喉镜时及插管后1、3、5 min时,平均动脉压均高于对照组,两组间比较差异均有统计学意义（P均＜0.05）.在用右美托咪定后5、10 min时以及在插管前,治疗组的心率均低于对照组,两组间比较差异均有统计学意义（P均＜0.05）.两组患者SpO2比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.患者意识消失且BIS值在40～60时异丙酚的最低诱导剂量在治疗组为（88.00±25.91） mg,对照组为（117.33±25.45） mg,治疗组异丙酚的用量明显少于对照组（t=4.423,P＜0.05）.结论 右美托咪定可减低异丙酚的最低诱导剂量,维持诱导期的血流动力学平稳,但对气管插管引起的心血管反应无明显的抑制作用.     

高流量鼻导管氧疗在术后脱机患者预防急性呼吸衰竭中的研究进展

术后脱机患者出现急性呼吸衰竭是术后患者入住重症医学科（ICU）的主要原因,常出现肺不张和肺部感染等肺部并发症。高流量鼻导管氧疗（HFNC）具有良好的舒适度和耐受性,能产生呼吸末正压效应,冲刷鼻咽部解剖死腔,提高肺泡通气量等临床应用优势,其在术后脱机患者的氧气支持治疗中具有良好的治疗效果,但在胸外科、腹部外科等不同手术后脱机患者群体中产生的不同疗效还需要更多研究证据支持。本文就HFNC在预防术后脱机患者急性呼吸衰竭中的临床应用进展进行综述。     

连续气道正压通气和高流量湿化氧疗方式下患者行纤维支气管镜诊疗的临床观察

目的探讨连续气道正压通气（CPAP）和高流量湿化氧疗（HFHCO）方式下患者行纤维支气管镜操作的临床效果。 方法选择2018年12月至2019年7月使用纤维支气管镜诊疗的26例留置人工气道患者,根据患者行纤维支气管镜的操作次数,将其分为CPAP组（32例次）和HFHCO组（32例次）。比较两组患者在纤维支气管镜诊疗操作前及诊疗操作过程中心率、呼吸频率、平均动脉压、外周动脉血氧饱和度（SaO₂）以及操作前后患者血液pH值、动脉血氧分压（PaO₂）、动脉血二氧化碳分压（PaCO₂）、脉搏血氧饱和度（SpO₂）。记录两组患者在行纤维支气管镜诊疗中的不良反应发生情况。 结果操作中,HFHCO组患者心率[（121 ± 3）次/ min vs.（130 ±3）次/ min]、呼吸频率[（21.3 ± 2.7）次/ min vs.（26.1 ± 2.3）次/ min]及平均动脉压[（99 ± 7）mmHg vs.（109 ± 8）mmHg]均较CPAP组患者显著降低（t = 5.232、5.164、6.424,P均< 0.001）。操作后,CPAP组和HFHCO组患者pH值[（7.45 ± 0.05）vs.（7.45 ± 0.07）]、PaO₂ [（86.5 ± 7.3）mmHg vs.（88.3 ±6.7）mmHg]、PaCO₂ [（40.1 ± 7.5）mmHg vs.（39.4 ± 6.8）mmHg]及SpO₂ [（93.9 ± 2.4）% vs.（94.1 ± 2.0）%]水平比较,差异均无统计学意义（t = 0.222、0.468、0.420、0.348,P = 0.731、0.670、0.684、0.697）。与同组操作前比较,CPAP组和HFHCO组患者操作中心率[（86 ± 4）次/ min vs.（130 ± 3）次/ min,（87 ± 4）次/ min vs.（121 ± 3）次/ min,t = 9.826、9.612,P均< 0.001]、呼吸频率[（17.8 ± 2.5）次/ min vs.（26.1 ± 2.3）次/ min,（16.7 ± 2.9）次/ min vs.（21.3 ± 2.7）次/ min,t = 8.488、5.837,P均< 0.001]及平均动脉压[（78 ± 7）mmHg vs.（109 ± 8）mmHg,（77 ± 7）mmHg vs.（99 ± 7）mmHg,t = 9.104、8.224,P均< 0.001]及操作后PaO₂ [（67.8 ± 2.6）mmHg vs.（86.5 ± 7.3）mmHg,（68.9 ± 4.0）mmHg vs.（88.3 ± 6.7）mmHg,t = 7.126、6.395,P均< 0.001]水平均显著升高。两组患者在进行纤维支气管镜诊疗操作过程中均未发生严重出血、恶性心律失常、气胸等事件。 结论对于留置气管插管或气管切开留置套管的患者,在应用CPAP或HFHCO给氧方式下行纤维支气管镜操作时均可改善患者气道通气,提高患者PaO₂,但是HFHCO给氧方式下患者的舒适度更好,减轻了患者呼吸、血流动力学体征的明显波动。     

Real-life study of the role of high-flow nasal cannula for bronchiolitis in children younger than 3 months hospitalised in general pediatric departments

We aimed to describe the real-life role of high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) for bronchiolitis in infants under 3 months of age admitted to three general pediatric departments during the 2017–2018 epidemic period. We retrospectively assessed the clinical severity (Wang score) for every 24-h period of treatment (H0–H24 and H24–H48) according to the initiated medical care (HFNC, oxygen via nasal cannula, or supportive treatments only), the child's discomfort (EDIN score), and transfer to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). A total of 138 infants were included: 47 ± 53 days old, 4661 ± 851.9 g, 70 boys (50.7%), 58 with hypoxemia (42%), Wang score of 6.67 ± 2.58, 110 (79.7%) staying for 48 consecutive hours in the same ward. During the H0–H24 period, only patients treated with HFNC had a statistically significant decrease in the severity score (n = 21/110; ?2 points, P = 0.002) and an improvement in the discomfort score (n = 15/63; ?3.8 points, P < 0.0001). There was no difference between groups during the H24–H48 period. The rate of admission to the PICU was 2.9% for patients treated for at least 24 h with HFNC (n = 34/138, 44% with oxygen) versus 16.3% for the others (P = 0.033). Early use of HFNC improves both clinical status and discomfort in infants younger than 3 months admitted for moderately severe bronchiolitis, whatever their oxygen status.     

重型颅脑损伤、高血压脑出血气管切开术后直接除管326例

目的：探讨行气管切开术抢救成功的重型颅脑损伤及高血压脑出血患者直接除管的安全性和可行性。方法：在507监护仪行SPO2监测和严密观察下,不经过试阻管而直接将气管套管拔除。结果：本组除1例患者因带管时间长,切口周围气管内炎性肉芽生长而重新插管外,其余患者呼吸平稳,呼吸道通畅,无呼吸急促、呛咳、紫绀及SPO2降低。结论：此法避免了传统除管前试阻管的繁锁和由阻管而引起的多种不良反应,有临床实用价值。     

Assessment of inspiratory flow limitation in children with sleep-disordered breathing by a nasal cannula pressure transducer system

A nasal cannula pressure transducer system identifies inspiratory flow limitation and increased upper airway resistance in adults with sleep-disordered breathing (SDB). The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether nasal cannula pressure (NCP) detects apneas and hypopneas as well as additional flow-limited events associated with increased airway resistance in children. We studied NCP in 47 patients (ages 2-14 years) referred for SDB to a university-based sleep disorders program during nocturnal polysomnography (NPSG). During NPSG, airflow was assessed simultaneously by thermistor and NCP. There was a high correlation between apneas assessed by thermistor (T) and NCP (r = 0.90, P < 0.0001), and for hypopneas using these two methods (r = 0.94, P = 0.0001). Respiratory driving pressure was indirectly measured with an esophageal pressure catheter. Flow-limited (flattened) NCP waves were associated with significantly higher driving pressure, indicating elevated upper airway resistance, compared to nonflow-limited (rounded) waves during nonrapid eye movement (NREM) (P = 0.05) and rapid eye movement (REM) (P = 0.01) sleep. Patients were classified as either having obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) or primary snoring, based on standard NPSG criteria. NCP identified additional respiratory events with a flattened contour (FC) not detected by thermistor. NCP is a noninvasive device that identifies obstructive apneas and hypopneas as well as additional respiratory events associated with flow limitation in children.