血清miR-17-5p与Hcy水平联合预测急性缺血性脑卒中患者预后的价值

目的探讨血清miR-17-5p及同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)水平联合预测急性缺血性脑卒中(AIS)患者预后的价值。方法选取2016年1月至2019年3月儋州市人民医院收治的158例AIS,根据改良Rankin量表(mRS)评分将患者分为预后良好组(n=98,mRS评分≤2分)和预后不良组(n=60,mRS评分2分),采用美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分将患者分为轻度组(n=47,NIHSS评分5分)、中度组(n=73,5分≤NIHSS评分≤20分)、重度组(n=38,NIHSS评分20分)。检测各组血清miR-17-5p及Hcy水平,应用ROC曲线分析miR-17-5p联合Hcy预测AIS患者预后不良的价值。采用Pearson相关分析方法分析AIS患者血清miR-17-5p及Hcy水平与NIHSS及mRS评分的相关性。结果 AIS组血清miR-17-5p[(2.38±0.74)比(0.24±0.08)]及Hcy[(18.60±5.30)μmol/L比(5.70±1.15)μmol/L]水平明显高于对照组(均P0.01)。预后不良组血清miR-17-5p[(3.24±1.08)比(1.56±0.63)]及Hcy[(23.40±6.10)μmol/L比(14.25±3.58)μmol/L]水平明显高于预后良好组(均P0.01)。重度组血清miR-17-5p[分别为:(3.60±1.15)比(2.52±0.90),(3.60±1.15)比(1.20±0.47)]及Hcy[(28.20±6.74)μmol/L比(18.36±4.82)μmol/L,(28.20±6.74)μmol/L比(11.35±3.20)μmol/L]水平均明显高于中度组和轻度组(P0.01),且中度组血清miR-17-5p[(2.52±0.90)比(1.20±0.47)]及Hcy[(18.36±4.82)μmol/L比(11.35±3.20)μmol/L]水平均明显高于轻度组(P0.01)。ROC曲线分析显示,血清miR-17-5p及Hcy水平预测AIS患者预后不良的最佳截值分别为2.06、17.62μmol/L,两项联合预测AIS患者预后不良的曲线下面积[0.918(95%CI:0.860～0.975)]较高,其敏感度和特异度分别为92.0%和85.3%。相关分析结果显示,预后不良组血清miR-17-5p及Hcy水平与NIHSS(分别r=0.772、0.853,P0.01)及mRS评分(分别r=0.740、0.807,P0.01)均呈正相关。结论血清miR-17-5p及Hcy水平升高与AIS患者神经功能缺损的严重程度及预后不良相关,且miR-17-5p联合Hcy对AIS患者预后预测具有较高的价值。     

脑卒中患者NT-proBNP和Hcy检测的临床分析

目的分析脑卒中患者血清生物标志物氨基末端B型钠尿肽原(NT-proBNP)和同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)水平检测的临床意义。方法选择2011-03—2013-05来我院诊治的40例脑卒中实验组患者和同期的40例对照组非脑血管患者,分别采集实验组治疗前后、对照组静脉血2mL,检测2组人群血清NT-proBNP和Hcy水平。结果实验组患者的NT-proBNP水平为(410.10±73.50)pg/mL,Hcy水平(19.50±1.10)μmol/L,均较对照组患者的((65.10±45.50)pg/mL、(10.10±5.50)μmol/L)显著高,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);实验组治疗后,其NT-proBNP水平为(140.40±35.40)pg/mL、Hcy水平(13.40±1.20)μmol/L,均较治疗前显著降低,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 NT-proBNP和Hcy可作为诊断脑卒中患者患病程度的两项指标,为临床治疗提供了参考依据。     

不同类型缺血性脑血管病与血同型半胱氨酸、超敏C反应蛋白及静息心率的关系

目的观察急性期不同血管病变类型缺血性脑血管病与血同型半胱氨酸、超敏C反应蛋白及静息心率的关系。方法对183例急性期缺血性脑血管病患者进行血浆Hcy、hs-CRP水平和静息心率的测定,将患者分为腔隙性脑梗死(LI)组和动脉粥样硬化血栓形成性脑梗死(ACI)组,比较2组患者的血浆Hcy、hs-CRP水平和静息心率的变化。结果 ACI组血浆Hcy水平(26.60±14.43)μmol/L显著高于LI组的(17.44±4.04)μmol/L(P<0.05),ACI组静息心率(82.72±8.26)次/min显著高于LI组的(73.26±12.59)次/min(P<0.05),ACI组hs-CRP水平(4.12±11.94μg/mL)高于LI组的(1.33±1.91)μg/mL(P<0.05)。2组年龄、性别、吸烟史、血脂、体质量指数以及高血压、糖尿病患病率差异无统计学意义。结论血浆Hcy和hs-CRP水平及静息心率的升高同血管变病类型密切相关,而且是AS的危险因素。     

急性脑梗死患者血浆CD147水平与神经功能缺损程度的关系

目的探讨急性脑梗死(acute cerebral infarction,ACI)患者血浆CD147的水平及其与神经功能缺损的关系。方法选择2015年6月至2016年6月期间作者医院住院治疗的ACI患者79例(ACI组),另设对照组37例,选自门诊体检者,入选者均无脑血管病证据和(或)头颅MRI/CT检测正常者。以ELISA法检测两组血浆CD147水平,并比较两组CD147水平;以美国国立卫生研究院脑卒中量表(NIHSS)评分评估ACI组神经功能缺损情况;并分析其与CD147水平的关系。结果ACI组血浆CD147水平明显高于对照组〔(635.80±187.63)pg/mL比(352.70±91.32)pg/mL;t=8.693,P=0.000〕。ACI组患者NIHSS评分<8分组明显低于≥8分组〔(526.48±143.02)pg/mL比(761.02±150.56)pg/mL;t=-7.103,P=0.000〕。相关分析显示CD147水平与NIHSS评分成正相关(r=0.749,P=0.000)。结论ACI组患者血浆CD147水平明显升高,并且与神经功能缺损程度成正相关。     

同型半胱氨酸在帕金森病患者血浆中的变化及临床意义

目的对比研究同型半胱氨酸(homocystein,Hcy)在帕金森病(Parkinson’s disease,PD)和脑梗死患者血浆中的变化,探讨其临床意义。方法检测PD、脑梗死患者及对照组血浆Hcy水平,检测PD、脑梗死患者及对照组血浆叶酸和维生素B_(12)水平。对PD患者血浆Hcy水平与叶酸及维生素B_(12)水平进行相关性分析,对血浆Hcy水平与PD严重程度、病程、临床类型、情绪、认知功能及是否服用美多芭进行相关性分析。结果 (1)PD组、脑梗死组及对照组血浆Hcy水平分别为20±11μmol/L、16±7μmol/L及11±2μmol/L,PD组和脑梗死组血浆Hcy水平均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05或0.01),PD组血浆Hcy水平明显高于脑梗死组(P0.01);(2)PD组血浆叶酸和维生素B_(12)水平分别为6±5μg/L和514±345ng/L。PD组血浆叶酸和Hcy水平呈明显负相关(r=-0.453,P0.01);血浆维生素B_(12)和Hcy水平无明显相关性(r=-0.268,P0.05)。(3)按照Hoehn-Yahr分期对PD严重程度进行分组,轻、中、重度PD组血浆Hcy水平分别为16±8μmol/L、21±9μmol/L和35±3μmol/L,三组之间差异有统计学意义(P0.05);(4)血浆Hcy水平与病程、临床类型、情绪、认知功能及是否服用美多芭无关。结论 PD组和脑梗死组血浆Hcy水平明显增高,PD组Hcy水平与疾病严重程度密切相关,PD组血浆叶酸和Hcy水平呈明显负相关。     

抑郁症患者血浆同型半胱氨酸水平的测定

目的:测定抑郁症患者及正常人血浆同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)水平,评价其意义. 方法:收集46例抑郁症(抑郁症组)及38名健康者(对照组)血液标本,采用高效液相色谱法测定血浆Hcy水平,放射免疫法测定血浆维生素B12和叶酸水平,比较两组间差异. 结果:抑郁症组血浆Hcy水平(13.2±6.2)μmol/L,显著高于对照组(7.6±2.4)μmol/L.抑郁症组平均血浆维生素B12水平为(334.0±5.7)ng/L,血浆叶酸水平为(5.9±4.0)μg/L;而对照组分别为(344.0±7.5)ng/L和(7.8±3.0)μg/L,均以抑郁症组显著较低(P<0.05). 结论:血浆Hcy水平升高可能与抑郁症有关.     

血清同型半胱氨酸水平与帕金森病的关系

目的探讨帕金森病(PD)患者伴发高同型半胱氨酸血症(HHcy)情况及美多巴对其血清同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)水平的影响。方法选择2006-06-01-2009-12-31入住作者医院的PD患者53例,按入院前是否服用美多巴治疗分为非美多巴组和美多巴组,两组患者入院后均予美多巴口服治疗;另选择31名同期健康体检者为对照。采用荧光偏振免疫分析法(FPIA)检测血清Hcy水平,微粒子酶免分析法(MEIA)检测血清叶酸(FA)及维生素B12(VitB12)水平。收集患者初次就诊及初次复诊时的血清Hcy、FA、VitB12水平资料至2010-01-30,并进行分析比较。结果 (1)初次就诊时非美多巴组和美多巴组PD患者血清Hcy水平〔分别(17.28±6.79)、(18.50±6.56)μmol/L〕均高于健康对照组〔(13.49±3.21)μmol/L〕(均P<0.01),HHcy的比例〔分别为50%(14/28)和76%(19/25)〕亦高于健康对照组〔29%(9/31)〕(均P<0.01),而血清FA、VitB12的水平无统计学差异(均P>0.05)。HHcy患者的血清Hcy水平与FA、VitB12水平无相关性(分别r=0.118,P=0.455;r=0.001,P=0.995)。(2)非美多巴组患者复诊时血清Hcy水平〔(15.84±3.33)μmol/L〕较治疗前〔(12.92±3.15)μmol/L〕升高(P<0.05),血清FA、VitB12水平同治疗前比较无统计学差异(P>0.05)。美多巴组患者服用美多巴治疗后血清Hcy、FA、VitB12水平同初次就诊时比较均无统计学差异(均P>0.05)。结论服用美多巴可能使PD患者血清Hcy水平升高,但可能不是PD患者伴有HHcy的惟一原因。     

重复经颅磁刺激治疗脑卒中后迟发性癫痫患者焦虑抑郁共病的疗效观察

目的探讨重复经颅磁刺激治疗脑卒中后迟发性癫痫患者焦虑抑郁共病的临床疗效。方法选取72例脑卒中后迟发性癫痫合并焦虑抑郁患者,随机分为观察组和对照组,对照组采用常规药物治疗和康复训练,观察组在上述治疗基础上加用rTMS治疗,比较2组治疗前后HAMD、HAMA、NIHSS评分及去甲肾上腺素、5-羟色胺水平。结果观察组治疗后HAMD、HAMA及NIHSS评分明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);观察组治疗后去甲肾上腺素水平为(0.4±0.02)μmol/L,高于对照组的(0.3±0.03)μmol/L,5-羟色胺水平为(36.8±11.2)ng/mL,低于对照组的(47.2±10.8)ng/mL,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论重复经颅磁刺激治疗脑卒中后迟发性癫痫患者焦虑抑郁共病疗效确切,可在临床上推广应用。     

同型半胱氨酸血糖水平与脑出血严重程度及预后的相关性研究

目的探讨同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)、血糖水平与脑出血严重程度及预后的相关性研究。方法纳入脑出血患者60例,同时纳入60例健康体检者作为对照组。分别检测患者Hcy、空腹血糖(FBG)、血清高密度脂蛋白(HDL-C)、血清低密度脂蛋白(LDL-C)水平。根据脑出血患者病情分为轻型组、中型组及重型组,分别采集3组患者静脉血并观察Hcy水平以及FBG水平。结果脑出血患者血清Hcy、FBG、HDL-C、LDL-C水平分别为(14.97±6.75)μmol/L、(8.20±0.92)mmol/L、(1.02±0.20)mmol/L、(2.39±0.59)mmol/L,对照组分别为(11.25±3.55)μmol/L、(5.01±0.35)mmol/L、(1.15±0.15)mmol/L、(2.18±0.32)mmol/L,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);多元Logistic逐步回归分析示Hcy水平是导致脑出血发生的显著性影响因素(P0.05);轻型组、中型组及重型组血清Hcy分别为(10.37±4.10)μmol/L、(14.70±5.31)μmol/L、(22.24±6.74)μmol/L,FBG分别为(4.33±0.95)mmol/L、(9.14±2.63)mmol/L、(11.26±3.35)mmol/L。重型组血清Hcy及FBG均明显高于轻型组与中型组,中型组血清Hcy及FBG均明显高于轻型组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论血清Hcy水平是引发脑出血发生的一个独立高危因素,Hcy与FBG水平能够提示脑出血患者的严重程度,对于判断疾病的预后有重要的临床价值。     

血浆同型半胱氨酸水平对急性脑梗死预后的影响及干预治疗的作用

目的探讨血浆同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)水平对急性脑梗死(ACI)预后的影响及干预治疗的作用。方法采用荧光法检测152例ACI患者发病<24h(治疗前)、1个月和6个月时血浆Hcy水平。按发病<24h时血浆Hcy水平将患者分为正常Hcy组、高Hcy组,后者又分为干预治疗组[给予叶酸5mg/d、维生素(Vit)B620mg/d、VitB120.5mg/d,连续6个月]和常规治疗对照组(常规治疗组)。在发病后各时点对3组患者进行美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)和Barthel指数(BI)评分。结果治疗6个月时,干预治疗组血浆Hcy水平比治疗前以及常规治疗组明显降低(均P<0.01);正常Hcy组和干预治疗组NIHSS评分明显低于、BI评分明显高于常规治疗组(均P<0.05)。结论血浆Hcy水平增高的ACI患者预后较差,对高Hcy血症干预治疗可以改善ACI的预后。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.     

Special Pharmacokinetic Considerations in Children

Summary: Pediatric patients have greater degrees of pharmacokinetic variability and unpredictability than adults. This variability results from the effects of pharmacogenetics, age and growth, prior and current comedication, and disease. Newborns with seizures have the least predictable dosage requirements, and their needs change as drug-eliminating mechanisms mature in the neonatal period. Infants have the highest relative capacities to eliminate antiepileptics of any age group and require the largest relative doses. In addition to age-related trends, children demonstrate the same drug-specific, pharmacokinetic phenomena that adults do, including nonlinear phenytoin elimination, nonlinear valproate binding, and autoinduction of carbamazepine. Intercurrent illness and drug interactions further modify the age-related pharmacokinetic patterns in children and make dosage requirements even more unpredictable. Recent studies have shown that febrile illness can affect drug elimination, sometimes decreasing drug levels by 50% or more. Intermittent treatment with benzodiazepines administered either orally or rectally can be an important adjunct and help minimize this type of problem for children with marginally controlled epilepsy. Intermittent benzodiazepines are also helpful for children who have febrile seizures and who need only occasional antiepileptic protection.