氯米帕明在体外人肝微粒体中的氮位去甲基代谢

采用人肝微粒体应用酶促动力学分析,观察特异性细胞色素P450(CYP450)抑制剂对氯米帕明(CIM) N-去甲基代谢的作用以及CIM去甲基代谢与S-美芬妥英4′-羟化代谢的相关性,以阐明参与CIM N-去甲基代谢的CYP450的种类, 性质及其在代谢中的作用. 酶促动力学分析结果表明有高亲和力酶及具有底物别构激活特性的低亲和力酶参与了CIM的N-去甲基代谢. 抑制实验结果表明CYP 1A2特异性抑制剂呋拉茶碱（Fur）主要抑制低浓度CIM的去甲基代谢,CYP 3A4特异性 抑制剂醋竹桃霉素（TAO）主要抑制高浓度CIM去甲基代谢. 相关实验发现3 μmol·L^-1 CIM代谢生成N-去甲基CIM的速率与200 μmol·L^-1 S-美芬妥英生成4′-羟基美芬妥英的速率无显著相关性, 提示CYP 2C19对于催化人肝微粒体中CIM的去甲基代谢仅起较为次要或很小的作用. 结果表明,CYP 1A2主要参与低浓度CIM在体外人肝微粒体N-去甲基代谢,CYP 3A4因其底物激活特性主要在高浓度CIM的去甲基代谢中起作用,CYP 2C19则作用很小.     

双环醇在大鼠和人肝微粒体的代谢

目的研究参与双环醇代谢的主要药物代谢酶及代谢动力学参数，分离鉴定双环醇代谢产物。方法双环醇与大鼠和人肝微粒体进行温孵，以高效液相色谱、质谱、核磁共振技术检测并分离鉴定双环醇及其代谢产物。结果双环醇在地塞米松诱导大鼠肝微粒体中的代谢速率显著高于正常大鼠肝微粒体，酮康唑可显著抑制双环醇的代谢。双环醇主要代谢产物为:4-羟基-4′-甲氧基-6-羟甲基-6′-甲氧羰基-2，3，2′，3′-双亚甲二氧基联苯和4-甲氧基-4′-羟基-6-羟甲基-6′-甲氧羰基-2，3，2′，3′-双亚甲二氧基联苯。结论双环醇在大鼠和人肝微粒体的主要代谢产物为4-羟基-4′-甲氧基-6-羟甲基-6′-甲氧羰基-2，3，2′，3′-双亚甲二氧基联苯和4-甲氧基-4′-羟基-6-羟甲基-6′-甲氧羰基-2，3，2′，3′-双亚甲二氧基联苯，细胞色素P450 3A主要参与双环醇代谢。     

诃子酸在不同种属肝微粒体中的代谢稳定性和代谢酶表型研究

目的 建立测定肝微粒体孵育体系中诃子酸浓度的方法,并比较其在人、犬、猴、小鼠、大鼠肝微粒体中的Ⅰ相、Ⅱ相代谢稳定性及种属差异,确定其在人肝微粒中的代谢表型。方法 将诃子酸与不同种属肝微粒体共同孵育,应用UPLCMS/MS检测孵育液中诃子酸的含量,考察其代谢稳定性及体外动力学参数。采用化学抑制剂法确定其在人肝微粒中的代谢表型。将诃子酸与各CYP450同工酶CYP1A2、CYP2A6、CYP2C9、CYP2C19、CYP2D6、CYP2E1和CYP3A4的特异性抑制剂（α-萘黄酮、香豆素、磺胺苯吡唑、噻氯匹定、奎尼丁、二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸钠、酮康唑）共同孵育,确定其代谢酶表型。结果 诃子酸在Ⅰ相、Ⅱ相孵育体系中均可代谢,在Ⅰ相代谢中,犬肝微粒体孵育与人最为相似,半衰期（t_1/2）分别为115.50 min和121.58 min;Ⅱ相代谢中5个种属代谢稳定性均中等,其中猴与人肝微粒体代谢趋势最为相近。诃子酸在人肝微粒中的代谢是由多种CYP酶共同介导的,其中CYP2C9、CYP2E1和CYP3A4是主要的同工酶。结论 建立的UPLCMS/MS方法简便、快速、专属性强、灵敏性高,可用于肝微粒体孵育体系中诃子酸浓度的测定及体外代谢的研究。诃子酸在人、犬、猴、小鼠、大鼠肝微粒体中代谢存在一定种属差异,且其代谢过程与多种CYP酶相关。     

羟氯喹在人肝微粒体CYP酶中的代谢研究

目的：探讨羟氯喹在人肝微粒体中的主要代谢酶及其代谢特点和参数。方法：建立高效液相色谱-荧光检测器（HPLC-FLD）测定孵育液中羟氯喹的方法,观察9种CYP酶特异性抑制剂对羟氯喹代谢的影响,计算羟氯喹的酶促动力学参数如米氏常数（Km）、最大反应速度（Vmax）和药物的内在清除率（CLint）。结果：9种酶抑制剂中孟鲁司特（CYP2CB抑制剂）、酮康唑（CYP3A4抑制剂）、噻氯匹定（CYP2B6抑制剂）能够显著抑制羟氯喹的代谢（P ＜ 0.05）。羟氯喹在人肝微粒体中Vmax为233.6 ng·mL-1·h-1·mgprotein-1,Km为14.5 ng·mL-1,CLint为16.2 h-1·mgprotein-1。结论：羟氯喹主要通过CYP2C8、CYP3A4和CYP2B6代谢,药物在体内清除速率慢,药物相互作用和蓄积是发生不良反应的重要因素。     

甲基莲心碱在大鼠肝微粒体CYP450系统中的代谢特征

目的研究甲基莲心碱(Nef)在大鼠肝微粒体系的代谢特性,探明参与Nef代谢的CYP450亚酶种类及其在Nef代谢中的作用。方法应用CYP3A特异性诱导剂地塞米松(DEX)、CYP2B诱导剂苯巴比妥(PB)、CYP1A诱导剂β-萘黄酮(β-NF)分别对W istar大鼠进行在体诱导,建立肝微粒体温孵及NADPH再生体系,HPLC紫外检测法测定Nef及其代谢产物。观察Nef代谢消失率与代谢特征,研究上述各诱导剂和CYP3A特异性抑制剂三乙酰竹桃霉素(TAO)对Nef体外代谢的影响。结果Nef在大鼠微粒体系代谢呈饱和现象;温孵液中代谢产物生成的量与底物Nef的浓度具有良好的相关性(r=0.993);Nef在DEX、PB诱导组大鼠肝微粒体温孵液中的生物转化较对照组明显加快(P<0.01),DEX组又较PB组的Nef药物代谢率差异有显著性(P<0.01),而β-NF组未显现诱导作用,其药物代谢率分别为:DEX组80.6%±9.5%;PB组61.5%±6.7%;β-NF组20.7%±1.5%;对照组19.9%±1.6%;TAO呈量效依赖性抑制Nef在肝微粒体温孵液中的代谢。结论研究结果提示Nef具有酶促动力学代谢特性;CYP3A及CYP2B是介导Nef在大鼠体内生物转化的CYP450亚酶,其中主要参与Nef代谢的为CYP3A。     

异丙酚在人肝微粒体中酶促动力学研究

目的 研究异丙酚在人肝微粒体中的代谢。方法 采用高效液相方法测定孵育液中异丙酚的浓度。研究异丙酚的酶促动力学,推导出药物米氏常数(Km)和最大反应速度(Vmax);并计算体外酶对药物的清除率(CLint)。同时观察不同种类的CYP酶特异性抑制剂对异丙酚代谢的影响。结果 异丙酚在人肝微粒体中Km和Vmax分别为777.43μuM和172.413μM?h ?1?mg ?1?protein,Clint为0.22h?1?mg?1?protein。CYP2B6特异性抑制剂氯吡格雷能够显著抑制异丙酚的代谢,而CYP2C9和CYP2C19特异性抑制剂对异丙酚代谢无显著影响CYP2B6抑制剂能够减少异丙酚的代谢。结论 CYP2B6主要参与异丙酚的代谢, CYP2B6酶抑制剂可能会抑制异丙酚的代谢,造成药物药效或毒性的增加。     

美托洛尔在经左氧氟沙星诱导的大鼠肝微粒体P450系统中的代谢特征

采用正常及经不同剂量 ( 80、160、2 40mg/kg ,ip ,7d)左氧氟沙星诱导的大鼠肝微粒体 ,研究美托洛尔代谢特征及酶动力学参数。HPLC法用于美托洛尔浓度的测定。研究结果显示 ,经不同剂量的左氧氟沙星诱导后 ,大鼠的肝重及P45 0含量均明显降低 ,中剂量组及高剂量组分别与对照组及低剂量组比较有极显著性差异 (P <0 0 1)。对美托洛尔的代谢率随诱导剂剂量的增加而降低 ,低剂量组与对照组比较无差异 ,中剂量组及高剂量组分别与对照组及低剂量组比较有统计学意义。酶动力学参数测定结果显示 ,经左氧氟沙星诱导的细胞色素P45 0酶系统对美托洛尔代谢的Km 和Vmax值均增加 ,与对照组比较有极显著性差异 (P <0 0 1)。结论 :左氧氟沙星可抑制大鼠肝微粒体细胞色素P45 0系统对美托洛尔的代谢。     

氯米帕明所致不良反应

氯米帕明为三环类抗抑郁药，其疗效安全可靠，且起效迅速，临床常用于强迫性神经症、抑郁症、精神分裂症所伴有强迫行为的治疗，但用药不当，会引起药物不良反应。近年来，时有相关文献报道，尤以致癫痫为最多，通常为用药量过大所致，也有与氟西汀合用所致的报道，并有致发热、与帕罗西汀合用致5-羟色胺综合征、致动眼危象、药疹、致高血压症状、致全血细胞减少、致自主神经功能紊乱、致射精不能等不良反应。提醒医生在使用氯米帕明时，应注意该药的用量，建议对患者服药期间进行血药浓度监测，以免造成不良后果。     

TM208在大鼠肝微粒体中代谢产物与细胞色素P450亚型代谢酶鉴别研究

在大鼠肝微粒体的体外代谢中研究作用于TM208的细胞色素P450亚型代谢酶。以不含细胞色素P450化学抑制剂的样品为对照，研究不同细胞色素P450亚型选择性化学抑制剂对TM208代谢转化率的影响。CYP2D和CYP2B的选择性抑制剂对TM208的代谢表现出浓度依赖性较强抑制作用，CYP1A的选择性抑制剂对TM208的代谢表现出一定抑制作用。CYP3A的选择性抑制剂对TM208的代谢没有表现出明显的抑制作用。TM208在人鼠肝微粒体体外代谢中主要通过CYP2D和CYP2B两种细胞色素P450亚型代谢酶参与代谢。     

大豆苷元在人肝微粒体中的单羟化代谢机制大豆苷元在人肝微粒体中的单羟化代谢机制

目的探讨大豆苷元在人肝微粒中羟基化代谢所涉及的肝细胞色素P450(CYP)同工酶，为研究其在人体内的代谢提供基础。方法通过分析大豆苷元在肝微粒体中和重组CYP酶中形成的单羟化代谢物的酶促动力学,分析其酶学模型，然后用不同CYP同工酶选择性抑制剂或底物进行抑制实验，初步筛选出介导大豆苷元单羟化代谢所涉及的CYP同工酶。结果代谢物的形成动力学符合米氏方程单酶模型。CYP1A2选择性抑制剂呋喃茶碱和CYP1A2单克隆抗体均能明显抑制3种单羟化代谢物的形成。而其他CYP选择性的抑制剂对3种代谢物的形成没有或较小产生抑制作用。用重组酶实验得出相同结果。结论体外肝微粒体研究表明，大豆苷元的单羟基代谢主要由CYP1A2所介导。     

Characterisation of theophylline metabolism in human liver microsomes.

1. A radiometric high performance liquid chromatographic method is described for the assay of theophylline metabolism in vitro by the microsomal fraction of human liver. 2. Formation of the three metabolites of theophylline (3-methylxanthine, 1-methylxanthine and 1,3-dimethyluric acid) were linear with protein concentrations to 4 mg ml-1 and with incubation times up to 180 min. 3. The coefficients of variation for the formation of 3-methylxanthine, 1-methylxanthine and 1,3-dimethyluric acid were 1.2%, 1% and 1.6%, respectively. 4. Theophylline is metabolised by microsomal enzymes with a requirement for NADPH. 5. The mean (n = 7) Km values for 1-demethylation, 3-demethylation and 8-hydroxylation were 545, 630 and 788 microM, respectively, and the mean Vmax values were 2.65, 2.84 and 11.23 pmol min-1 mg-1, respectively. 6. There was a high correlation between the Km and Vmax values for the two demethylation pathways suggesting that the demethylations are performed by the same enzyme. 7. Overall the in vitro studies are consistent with the in vivo results which suggest the involvement of two cytochrome P-450 isozymes in the metabolism of theophylline.     

Inhibitors of imipramine metabolism by human liver microsomes.

1. The aromatic 2-hydroxylation of imipramine was studied in microsomes from three human livers. The kinetics were best described by a biphasic enzyme model. The estimated values of Vmax and Km for the high affinity site ranged from 3.2 to 5.7 nmol mg-1 h-1 and from 25 to 31 microM, respectively. 2. Quinidine was a potent inhibitor of the high affinity site for the 2-hydroxylation of imipramine in microsomes from all three human livers, with apparent Ki-values ranging from 9 to 92 nM. This finding strongly suggests that the high affinity enzyme is CYP2D6, the source of the sparteine/debrisoquine oxidation polymorphism. 3. The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI), paroxetine, fluoxetine and norfluoxetine were potent inhibitors of the high affinity site having apparent Ki-values of 0.36, 0.92 and 0.33 microM, respectively. Three other SSRIs, citalopram, desmethylcitalopram and fluvoxamine, were less potent inhibitors of CYP2D6, with apparent Ki-values of 19, 1.3 and 3.9 microM, respectively. 4. Among 20 drugs screened, fluvoxamine was the only potent inhibitor of the N-demethylation of imipramine, with a Ki-value of 0.14 microM. 5. Neither mephenytoin, citalopram, diazepam, omeprazole or proguanil showed any inhibition of the N-demethylation of imipramine and the role of the S-mephenytoin hydroxylase for this oxidative pathway could not be confirmed.     

Gender difference in ifosfamide metabolism by human liver microsomes.

Pharmacokinetic gender-dependent differences in cytochrome P450-mediated drug metabolism, especially CYP3A4, and their clinical implications are increasingly apparent. CYP3A4 seems to be the most important CYP isoform in both bioactivation and N-dechloroethylation of the alkylating prodrug ifosfamide, but informations about possible gender-related differences are lacking. Therefore we compared in 10 male and 10 female liver microsomal preparations the contents and activities of specific isoenzymes, involved in both metabolic pathways, especially CYP3A4, further CYP2A6, CYP2C9 and CYP2B6 and measured the in vitro activities of these microsomes in the ifosfamide 4-hydroxylation and N-dechloroethylation using high-sensitive HPLC/MS and -UV detection methods. Statistically significant differences between male and female livers were found in the mean CYP3A4 contents and activities. These differences had no consequences on the ifosfamide 4-hydroxylation activities of liver microsomes in vitro. In contrast, in the ifosfamide N-dechloroethylation reaction we found a statistically significant difference between the liver microsomes of male and female patients (0.13 +/- 0.05 nmol/min nmol P450 vs. 0.28 +/- 0.13 nmol/min x nmolP450, respectively). In conclusion, we firstly demonstrated such gender-related difference in the ifosfamide N-dechloroethylation, which could result in a higher risk of partly severe neurotoxic side effects in female patients.     

体外人肝微粒体中阿米替林N-去甲基代谢的酶促动力学分析和抑制

采用6例人的肝微粒体应用酶促动力学分析和抑制研究阐明参与阿米替林（AT）N-去甲基代谢的CYP450的种类及性质. 去甲替林（NT）生成的酶促动力学数据符合一两酶模型，其中高亲和力酶具有Michaelis-Menten 动力学特征，而低亲和力酶则具有底物别构激活的特性. 当AT为2 μmol·L^-1时S-美芬妥英和呋喃茶碱均可使NT生成被抑制达50%左右；较高浓度的酮康唑也可使NT生成明显受到抑制，但醋竹桃霉素几乎对此没有影响; 而当AT为100 μmol·L^-1 时，酮康唑和醋竹桃霉素均是NT生成的强抑制剂. 结果提示：当底物的浓度较低时，CYP1A2和CYP2C19是催化AT体外人肝微粒体中N-去甲基代谢的主要CYP450酶类；当底物浓度较高时，由于底物别构激活的特性，CYP3A4逐渐占据主导地位.     

Effects of polyamines on ethylmorphine N-demethylation in rat liver microsomes

The time course linearity of ethylmorphine N-demethylation was improved by the addition of polyamines to the reaction mixture. The most remarkable effect on the time course linearity of ethylmorphine N-demethylation was observed when spermine was used. The apparent stimulatory effect of spermine was decreased remarkably by the simultaneous addition of EDTA to inhibit lipid peroxidation. Similar results were observed when an additional lipid peroxidation inhibitor such as Co2+, Mn2+ or 2,2'-bipyridine was used in place of EDTA. Hydrogen peroxide-dependent ethylmorphine N-demethylation activity in rat liver microsomes was not influenced by the addition of spermine. In addition, neither lipid peroxides formation nor the stimulatory effects of polyamines on ethylmorphine N-demethylation was observed in the reconstituted monooxygenase system. These results suggest that the inhibitory effects of polyamines on lipid peroxidation might be responsible for the stimulatory effects on drug oxidations.     

Enzyme kinetic analysis and inhibition of amitriptyline N-demethylation in human liver microsomes in vitro

采用６例人的肝微粒体应用酶促动力学分析和抑制研究阐明参与阿米替林（ＡＴ）Ｎ－去甲基代谢的ＣＹＰ４５０的种类及性质．去甲替林（ＮＴ）生成的酶促动力学数据符合一两酶模型，其中高亲和力酶具有Ｍｉｃｈａｅｌｉｓ－Ｍｅｎｔｅｎ动力学特征，而低亲和力酶则具有底物别构激活的特性．当ＡＴ为２μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１时Ｓ－美芬妥英和呋喃茶碱均可使ＮＴ生成被抑制达５０％左右；较高浓度的酮康唑也可使ＮＴ生成明显受到抑制，但醋竹桃霉素几乎对此没有影响；而当ＡＴ为１００μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１时，酮康唑和醋竹桃霉素均是ＮＴ生成的强抑制剂．结果提示：当底物的浓度较低时，ＣＹＰ１Ａ２和ＣＹＰ２Ｃ１９是催化ＡＴ体外人肝微粒体中Ｎ－去甲基代谢的主要ＣＹＰ４５０酶类；当底物浓度较高时，由于底物别构激活的特性，ＣＹＰ３Ａ４逐渐占据主导地位．     

白藜芦醇抑制人肝微粒体代谢色氨酸的研究

目的研究白藜芦醇对人肝微粒体代谢色氨酸生成犬尿氨酸的影响。方法分别考察孵育时间、色氨酸浓度、微粒体蛋白浓度,建立体外人肝微粒体孵育色氨酸代谢体系;采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(LC-MS/MS)检测肝微粒体孵育体系中色氨酸和犬尿氨酸浓度。基于体外人肝微粒体孵育色氨酸代谢体系探讨白藜芦醇对色氨酸代谢影响。结果色氨酸在体外人肝微粒体中最佳孵育时间为90 min,色氨酸浓度为8 mg·L^-1,微粒体蛋白浓度为1 g·L^-1;酶反应速率常数K m为(95.91±22.29)μmol·L^-1,最大反应速率V max为(21.34±2.58)μmoL·g^-1·min^-1。与已知的吲哚胺2,3-双加氧酶(IDO)抑制剂Epacadostat相比,结果显示白藜芦醇也能够抑制人肝微粒体中色氨酸代谢生成犬尿氨酸且具有浓度依赖性。结论白藜芦醇具有抑制IDO活性的作用,表明IDO可能是白藜芦醇发挥药理作用的一个潜在靶点,为进一步研究白藜芦醇的药理作用及色氨酸代谢提供重要依据。     

Free radical metabolism of raloxifene in human liver microsomes

Raloxifene was metabolized predominantly by CYP3A4 in human liver microsomes to a pair of carbon-carbon (RD1–2) and ether (RD3–4) linked homodimers in an nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-dependent manner. The major homodimer formed by human liver microsomes (RD3) was different from the major homodimer formed by peroxidases (RD1). RD1, 3 and 4 were identified by both mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) as symmetrical carbon-carbon (both carbon 7 from benzo[b]thiopen-6-ol) linked homodimer, asymmetrical ether (oxygen from 4-hydroxyphenyl and carbon 7 from benzo[b]thiopen-6-ol) linked homodimer and asymmetrical ether (oxygen and carbon 7 from benzo[b]thiopen-6-ol) linked homodimer, respectively. The structures of the homodimers RD1, 3 and 4 provided evidence for free radical metabolism of raloxifene by predominantly CYP3A4 in human liver microsomes to oxygen-centered phenoxy radicals from 4-hydroxyphenyl and benzo[b]thiopen-6-ol moieties. Further delocalization to ortho carbon-centered radical was only observed for benzo[b]thiopen-6-ol derived phenoxy radical.     

In vitro metabolism of gefitinib in human liver microsomes

1.?The in vitro metabolism of gefitinib was investigated by incubating [¹⁴C]-gefitinib, as well as M537194, M387783 and M523595 (the main metabolites of gefitinib observed in man), at a concentration of 100?μM with human liver microsomes (4?mg?ml^?1) for 120?min. These relatively high substrate and microsomal protein concentrations were used in an effort to generate sufficient quantities of metabolites for identification.

2.?HPLC with ultraviolet light, radiochemical and mass spectral analysis, together with the availability of authentic standards, enabled quantification and structural identification of a large number of metabolites. Although 16 metabolites were identified, metabolism was restricted to three regions of the molecule.

3.?The major pathway involved morpholine ring-opening and step-wise removal of the morpholine ring and propoxy side chain. O-demethylation of the quinazoline methoxy group was a quantitatively less important pathway, in contrast to the clinical situation, where O-desmethyl gefitinib (M523595) is the predominant plasma metabolite. The third metabolic route, oxidative defluorination, was only a minor route of metabolism. Some metabolites were formed by a combination of these processes, but no metabolism was observed in other parts of the molecule.

4.?Incubation of gefitinib produced ten identified metabolites, but the use of the three main in vivo metabolites as additional substrates enabled a more comprehensive metabolic pathway to be constructed and this has been valuable in supporting the more limited data available from the human in vivo study.     

In vitro metabolism of gefitinib in human liver microsomes

The in vitro metabolism of gefitinib was investigated by incubating [14C]-gefitinib, as well as M537194, M387783 and M523595 (the main metabolites of gefitinib observed in man), at a concentration of 100 microM with human liver microsomes (4 mg ml(-1)) for 120 min. These relatively high substrate and microsomal protein concentrations were used in an effort to generate sufficient quantities of metabolites for identification. HPLC with ultraviolet light, radiochemical and mass spectral analysis, together with the availability of authentic standards, enabled quantification and structural identification of a large number of metabolites. Although 16 metabolites were identified, metabolism was restricted to three regions of the molecule. The major pathway involved morpholine ring-opening and step-wise removal of the morpholine ring and propoxy side chain. O-demethylation of the quinazoline methoxy group was a quantitatively less important pathway, in contrast to the clinical situation, where O-desmethyl gefitinib (M523595) is the predominant plasma metabolite. The third metabolic route, oxidative defluorination, was only a minor route of metabolism. Some metabolites were formed by a combination of these processes, but no metabolism was observed in other parts of the molecule. Incubation of gefitinib produced ten identified metabolites, but the use of the three main in vivo metabolites as additional substrates enabled a more comprehensive metabolic pathway to be constructed and this has been valuable in supporting the more limited data available from the human in vivo study.