经皮肝穿刺胆道内支架植入治疗恶性胆道梗阻64例

目的：总结经皮肝穿刺胆道内支架植入治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的经验，探讨其临床疗效及价值。方法：64例患者均采用X线透视下经皮肝穿刺胆道内支架植入术治疗恶性梗阻性黄疽。根据梗阻部位的不同解剖决定放置支架的方式。结果：64例患者中，50例植入单支支架于肝总管或(和)胆总管，14例植入2支以上支架于总管和分支胆管，其中2例肝内胆管支架的桥接通过肝实质。58例患者2周内血清胆红素降低75％以上。结论：经皮肝穿刺刺内支架植入是治疗恶性胆道梗阻性的有效方法。     

经皮肝穿胆道内支架置入术治疗恶性胆管梗阻的护理

为探讨恶性胆管梗阻胆道内支架置入术前、术中、术后的护理措施,我们对87例恶性胆管梗阻患者,采用经皮肝穿途径胆道内支架置入术治疗。结果共置入4种类型金属内支架96枚,9例置入双向支架。术前血清总胆红素162.7～960.4μmol/L,术后83例降至18.3～53.6μmol/L。半年以上生存率77％(67/87),一年以上生存率47％(41/87)。总的技术操作成功率100％。因此经皮肝穿胆道内支架置入术治疗恶性胆管梗阻安全、有效,而采用正确的护理措施是保证手术成功和疗效的关键。     

经皮肝穿刺胆道多支架置入治疗肝门部恶性胆管梗阻19例

经皮肝穿刺胆道支架置入术已成为肝门部恶性梗阻性黄疸的一个重要的姑息性治疗手段[1],而且可为进一步治疗创造条件[2].我科2003年1月至2008年5月对19例无法手术切除或不愿手术的肝门部恶性胆管梗阻患者放置了胆道支架.     

胆道支架联合经皮肝穿刺胆管引流术治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的临床疗效

目的观察胆道支架联合经皮肝穿刺胆管引流术(PTCD)对晚期恶性梗阻性黄疸的临床应用价值。方法 74例恶性梗阻性黄疸患者,均在DSA透视下经PTCD途径置入金属胆道支架。结果所有患者介入治疗后黄疸、皮肤瘙痒均明显减轻,术后胆红素水平显著下降(P0.01),肝功能较前好转(P0.01)。术后3个月生存率94.6%,6个月生存率60.8%,12个月生存率20.3%。结论胆道支架联合PTCD可有效缓解恶性梗阻性黄疸患者的临床症状,改善肝功能,提高生活质量,延长生存期。     

超声引导经皮肝内胆管置管引流术治疗恶性胆道梗阻

目的探讨超声引导经皮肝内胆管置管引流术治疗恶性胆道梗阻的临床应用价值。方法超声引导经皮肝内胆管置管引流术（FTCD）姑息性治疗恶性胆道梗阻病人42例，其中胆总管上段（肝门部）胆管阻塞（甲组）18例，多数行左路术＋右路术的左＋右肝内胆管置管引流术，胆总管中、下段胆管阻塞（乙组）24例，行左路术或右路术的左或右肝内胆管置管引流术。结果42例病人置管成功率100％，无一例发生胆漏。甲乙两组术后疗效优良率分别为88．9％、100％。并发症主要有肝出血4．8％（242）、右侧胸腔积液2．4％（142）。结论超声引导经皮肝内胆管置管引流术（PTCD）是姑息性治疗手术，对不能根治的恶性胆道梗阻有一定的临床应用价值，是目前一种理想的有效、安全、操作简便的治疗方法。     

射频消融治疗肝内血管旁转移瘤24例

目的:评价CT引导下射频消融治疗肝内血管(直径>3mm)旁转移瘤的疗效及安全性.方法:24例单发肝转移瘤患者行RFA治疗(年龄范围:36-95岁,男女比例18∶6),所有病灶均在肝内直径>3mm的血管旁.肿瘤直径为:1.7-5.1cm.对照组选择同期行RFA的单发肝脏转移瘤患者,且病灶远离血管或者胆囊等,共25例.术后1、3、6、12、24mo分别行影像学检查随访.结果:24例患者共24个病灶接受了治疗.20例患者(83%)获得了完全的肿瘤坏死.4例患者出现了病灶周边不规则的强化,接受了再次治疗.2年随访肿瘤局部控制率为50%.试验组仅1例患者出现肝内小血肿,其余患者均未发生血管相关并发症.结论:即使紧邻肝内大血管的转移瘤,行RFA仍然安全、有效,并发症少,肿瘤进展率低.     

经皮经肝穿刺胆管引流治疗内镜难治性恶性胆道梗阻

目的探讨经皮经肝穿刺胆管引流术(PTBD)对梗阻性黄疸的介入治疗的意义。方法23例梗阻性黄疸患者,男14例,女9例,年龄61～88岁,平均(72.6±10.9)岁,其中胆管癌10例(术后5例),胰头癌3例,胃癌术后7例,十二指肠乳头癌2例,肝癌1例,不宜行十二脂肠镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)或ERCP失败,经皮肝穿刺放置引流管或内支架。结果全部PTBD成功,其中外引流6例,内外引流13例(3例左右胆管双引流),金属内支架4例。引流术前血清总胆红素(321.6±132.1)μmol/L,引流术后1周血清总胆红素(88.6±10.1)μmol/L,较前明显下降(P<0.05),直接胆红素从(252.3±36.3)μmol/L降至(53.3±9.4)μmol/L(P<0.05)。结论PTBD对梗阻性黄疸是一种安全、有效的治疗方法。     

经内镜射频消融和置入内支架联合治疗不能切除的胆胰肿瘤

目的探讨经内镜射频消融和置入内支架的联合治疗在延长不能切除的胆胰肿瘤患者胆道通畅期中的作用。方法共58例患者采用联合治疗：6例十二指肠乳头癌先作内镜下乳头局部切除，而后对残留病灶作射频消融；52例经ERCP测出肿瘤狭窄段的范围，对狭窄段作射频消融，然后置入相匹配的金属内支架。收集同期52例单放金属内支架者作为对照组。结果在联合治疗组中，3例治疗后2个月内因胆道严重感染、全身衰竭死亡，余55例胆道平均通畅期为9．2个月，平均存活期为16个月。其中48例再次梗阻后再次内镜下治疗，28例单作射频消融和20例射频消融加再置入内支架，通畅期又平均延长5．1个月。而单放内支架组胆道通畅期为6．1个月，平均存活期为13个月。结论射频消融能阻止肿瘤的局部增长，从而延长内支架的通畅期和患者的存活期。     

Endoscopic stenting for palliation of malignant biliary obstruction

Since the late 1970s, endoscopic biliary stenting has become a standard palliative treatment for obstructive jaundice due to malignancies of the pancreas and the hepatobiliary system. Despite the high initial success rate in achieving biliary drainage, endoscopic stenting therapy has been limited by the clogging of biliary stents, usually after four to five months, due to formation of adherent bacterial biofilm and accumulation of biliary sludge. Various methods for the prevention of bacterial adhesion and prolongation of stent patency have been investigated, including prophylactic antimicrobial agents and bile salts, new stent materials, and new stent designs. Recently, the introduction of self-expandable metal stents has significantly improved the duration of stent patency but the cost is considerably higher. Each method has its own merits as well as specific problems. This article reviews the pathogenesis of biofilm formation on the biliary stents and the latest status of research in avoiding stent occlusion.     

腔内射频消融治疗胆管恶性狭窄的初步研究

目的 探讨内镜下应用腔内射频消融技术姑息性治疗胆管恶性狭窄的安全性及可行性.方法 前瞻性选取胆管恶性梗阻无法手术切除的12例患者实施ERCP,在胆管插管成功后,循导丝导入专用双极射频电极,于肿瘤部位进行射频烧灼,然后留置胆道支架,观察术后恢复情况并密切随访.结果 所有患者均成功完成射频消融治疗并留置胆道支架(塑料支架6例,金属支架6例,其中3例患者同期放置胰管支架).出现胆管炎1例,胰腺炎1例,均短期保守治疗控制.黄疸迅速缓解率为58.3％ (7/12);平均随访3.4个月(0.5 ～5.5个月),1个月末支架通畅率为100％ (12/12),3个月末通畅率为80％ (8/10);1例患者死于心脑血管意外,其余患者均存活无特殊不适.结论 对于胆管恶性狭窄,经内镜进行腔内射频治疗是安全可行的,初步疗效满意,但远期疗效及最佳治疗方案仍有待进一步探讨.     

ERCP引导下射频消融联合化疗治疗胆管癌患者疗效及影响预后因素分析

目的 探讨在内镜逆行性胰胆管造影术（ERCP）引导下射频消融结合化疗治疗胆管癌患者的疗效及影响预后的因素。方法 2009年1月~2014年12月我院收治的96胆管癌患者被分为对照组48例和观察组48例,给予对照组患者经ERCP引导下行射频消融治疗,观察组在对照组治疗的基础上予以联合化疗治疗,比较两组近期临床疗效,统计分析所有患者的预后生存情况,采用Cox回归分析影响患者术后生存的相关因素。结果 治疗后,观察组患者血清TBIL为（72.6±22.2） μmol/L,GGT为（262.2±64.6） U/L和ALP为（206.4±62.6） U/L,均明显低于对照组的（102.6±32.4） μmol/L、GGT（382.4±102.4） U/L和ALP（284.4±86.4） U/L,而ALB（42.4±10.8）g/L明显高于对照组[（36.2±10.6） g/L,P<0.05];观察组患者近期临床总有效率（91.6%）明显高于对照组（75.0%,x²=4.800,P=0.028）;观察组和对照组3 a生存率分别为58.3%和29.2%（x²=8.296,P=0.004）,两组3 a无复发生存率分别为54.1%和25.0%（x²=8.537,P=0.003）;单因素Cox回归分析发现,年龄、肿瘤位置、数目、分化程度、临床分期、CEA水平和治疗方法均可能影响胆管癌患者的预后（P<0.05）;多因素Cox回归模型分析发现,肿瘤低分化（HR=1.84,95%CI:1.05~3.23）、Ⅲ、Ⅳ期（HR=1.76,95%CI:1.03~3.02）、发生转移（HR=1.81,95%CI:1.05~3.12）和术后未进行化疗（HR=1.84,95%CI: 1.03~3.27）为影响胆管癌患者预后的独立危险因素（P<0.05）。结论 ERCP引导下射频消融结合化疗可明显提高胆管癌患者近期临床治疗有效率、延长生存时间和改善预后。针对影响胆管癌患者预后的独立危险因素进行及时处理,或许能提高疗效。     

经肝动脉化疗栓塞术联合射频消融治疗

近年来在原发性肝癌治疗领域中新兴治疗方法层出不穷,但由于病变多发生于进展期肝病或肝硬化的基础上,导致原发性肝癌仍然是一种难治性恶性肿瘤。外科手术切除及肝移植虽是根治性治疗方法,但由于移植相关问题的复杂性及原发性肝癌本身的隐匿性,使得上述两种治疗方法并不能适用于大多数患者。而近些年随着设备和技术水平的提高,原发性肝癌的介入治疗得到了越来越多的重视,这其中应用最为广泛的就是经肝动脉化疗栓塞术（TACE）和经皮肝穿刺射频消融（RFA）。主要讨论上述两种介入疗法联合应用治疗原发性肝癌的有效性、可行性,以及近年来介入治疗在原发性肝癌治疗领域的研究进展。     

Percutaneous trans-hepatic bilateral biliary stenting in Bismuth IV malignant obstruction

AIM: To investigate the clinical efficiency of percutaneous trans-hepatic bilateral biliary metallic stenting for the management of Bismuth IV malignant obstructive disease.METHODS: Our hospital’s database was searched for all patients suffering from the inoperable malignant biliary obstruction Bismuth IV, and treated with percutaneous bilateral trans-hepatic placement of self-expandable nitinol stents. The indication for percutaneous stenting was an inoperable, malignant, symptomatic, biliary obstruction. An un-correctable coagulation disorder was the only absolute contra-indication for treatment. Bismuth grading was performed using magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography. Computed tomography evaluation of the lesion and the dilatation status of the biliary tree was always performed prior to the procedure. All procedures were performed under conscious sedation. A single trans-hepatic track technique was preferred (T-configuration stenting) and a second, contra-lateral trans-hepatic track (Y-configuration stenting) was used only in cases of inability to access the contra-lateral lobe using a single track technique. The study’s primary endpoints were clinical success, defined as a decrease in bilirubin levels within 10 d and patient survival rates. Secondary endpoints included peri-procedural complications, primary and secondary patency rates.RESULTS: A total of 35 patients (18 female, 51.4%) with a mean age 69 ± 13 years (range 33-88) were included in the study. The procedures were performed between March 2000 and June 2008 and mean time follow-up was 13.5 ± 22.0 mo (range 0-96). The underlying malignant disease was cholangiocarcinoma (n = 10), hepatocellular carcinoma (n = 9), pancreatic carcinoma (n = 5), gastric cancer (n = 2), bile duct tumor (n = 2), colorectal cancer (n = 2), gallbladder carcinoma (n = 2), lung cancer (n = 1), breast cancer (n = 1) or non-Hodgkin lymphoma (n = 1). In all cases, various self-expandable bare metal stents with diameters ranging from 7 to 10 mm were used. Stents were placed in Y-configuration in 24/35 cases (68.6%) using two stents in 12/24 patients and three stents in 12/24 cases (50%). A T-configuration stent placement was performed in 11/35 patients (31.4%), using two stents in 4/11 cases (36.4%) and three stents in 7/11 cases (63.6%). Follow-up was available in all patients (35/35). Patient survival ranged from 0 to 1763 d and the mean survival time was 168 d. Clinical success rate was 77.1% (27/35 cases), and peri-procedural mortality rate was 5.7% (2/35 patients). Biliary re-obstruction due to stent occlusion occurred in 25.7% of the cases (9/35 patients), while in 7/11 (63.6%) one additional percutaneous re-intervention due to stent occlusion resulting in clinical relapse of symptomatology was successfully performed. In the remaining 4/11 patients (36.4%) more than 1 additional reintervention was performed. The median decrease of total serum bilirubin was 60.5% and occurred in 81.8% of the cases (27/33 patients). The median primary and secondary patency was 105 (range 0-719) and 181 d (range 5-1763), respectively. According to the Kaplan-Meyer survival analysis, the estimated survival rate was 73.5%, 47.1% and 26.1% at 1, 6 and 12 mo respectively, while the 8-year survival rate was 4.9%. Major and minor complication rates were 5.7% (2/35 patients) and 17.1% (6/35 patients), respectively.CONCLUSION: Percutaneous bilateral biliary stenting is a safe and clinically effective palliative approach in patients suffering from Bismuth IV malignant obstruction.     

射频消融在肝癌多学科综合治疗中的应用

以射频消融（RFA）为代表的局部消融治疗已成为肝癌的重要治疗手段,在肝癌治疗中得到广泛的应用。其主要适应证为肿瘤单发、直径≤5 cm;或者肿瘤2～3个、最大直径≤3 cm。数个临床研究表明射频治疗小肝癌的效果与手术切除相当,国内外多个肝癌临床治疗指南已经将射频与手术切除一样,并列为小肝癌的根治性治疗方法。临床上RFA常常与手术切除、血管介入、瘤内无水酒精注射术、放射治疗、化疗、靶向药物治疗、免疫生物治疗等方法联合应用,在肝癌多学科综合治疗领域中起着越来越重要的作用。     

超声引导下经皮射频消融治疗小肝癌患者疗效及预后分析*

目的 比较超声引导下经皮射频消融与肝切除术治疗小肝癌患者的疗效及分析影响生存的危险因素。方法 2011年1月~2015年4月在我院接受治疗的107例肝细胞癌（HCC）患者,接受超声引导下射频消融治疗58例,接受肝叶切除术治疗49例。术后随访3年,采用Cox单因素和多因素回归分析影响HCC患者生存的独立危险因素。结果 治疗后,射频消融患者血清ALT水平显著低于肝切除术组（P<0.05）,而血清ALB水平显著高于肝切除术组（P<0.05）;两组术后并发症发生率（10.3%对16.3%）比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;射频消融治疗患者1 a、2 a和3 a总生存率分别为84.5%（49/58）、65.5%（38/58）和44.8%（26/58）,而肝切除术组则分别为85.7%（42/49）、67.3%（33/49）和46.9%（23/49）,差异不具有统计学意义（x²=0.032,P=0.859;x²=0.040,P=0.842;x²=0.048,P=0.827）; Cox单因素分析结果显示肿瘤数目（HR=0.372,95%CI:0.105~0.876,P=0.033）与HCC患者无瘤生存时间有关,而血清AFP水平（HR=3.043,95%CI:1.007~5.248,P=0.035）、肿瘤数目（HR=0.871,95%CI:0.344~0.902,P=0.401）和肿瘤直径（HR=1.631,95%CI:1.273~3.045,P=0.005）与HCC患者总生存时间有关;Cox多因素回归分析结果显示肿瘤数目多（HR=0.087,95%CI:0.045~0.498,P=0.009）是影响HCC患者无瘤生存的独立危险因素,而肿瘤分化低（HR=2.974,95%CI:1.865~4.097,P=0.046）、肿瘤数目多（HR=0.062,95%CI:0.033~0.378,P=0.002）和肿瘤直径大（HR=2.216,95%CI:1.778~5.026,P=0.007）是影响HCC患者总生存时间的独立危险因素。结论 超声引导下经皮射频消融治疗与肝切除术治疗小肝癌患者的临床疗效相当,但射频消融治疗创伤小,术后恢复快,对肝功能的影响小。     

Treatment of malignant biliary obstruction by combined percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage with local tumor treatment

AIM: To evaluate the utility of local tumor therapy combined with percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) for malignant obstructive biliary disease. METHODS: A total of 233 patients with malignant biliary obstruction were treated in our hospital with PTBD by placement of metallic stents and/or plastic tubes. After PTBD, 49 patients accepted brachytherapy or extra-radiation therapy or arterial infusion chemotherapy. The patients were followed up with clinical and radiographic evaluation. The survival and stent patency rate were calculated by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. RESULTS: Twenty-two patients underwent chemotherapy (11 cases of hepatic carcinoma, 7 cases of pancreatic carcinoma, 4 cases of metastatic lymphadenopathy), and 14 patients received radiotherapy (10 cases of cholan-giocarcinoma, 4 cases of pancreatic carcinoma), and 13 patients accepted brachytherapy (7 cases of cholangio-carcinoma, 3 cases of pancreatic carcinoma, 4 cases of metastatic lymphadenopathy). The survival rate of the local tumor treatment group at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months was 97.96%, 95.92%, 89.80%, and 32.59% respectively, longer than that of the non treatment group. The patency rate at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months was 97.96%, 93.86%, 80.93%, and 56.52% respectively. The difference of patency rate was not significant between treatment group and non treatment group. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that local tumor therapy could prolong the survival time of patients with malignant biliary obstruction, and may improve stent patency.