前列地尔对2型糖尿病肾病肾小管功能的影响

将DN患者216例,随机分为对照组(n=112),予口服降糖药物或胰岛素治疗;观察组(n=104),在降糖治疗的基础上给予前列地尔注射液10μg加入0.9%氯化钠注射液100ml中静脉滴注qd,14d为1个疗程。两组疗程均为14d。观察24小时尿微量白蛋白排协率(UAE)、视黄醇结合蛋白(RBP)、N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)、β-半乳糖苷酶(GAL)等指标的变化。结果:对照组治疗后NAG、GAL、RBP略降低(P0.05),而观察组更明显(P0.05),两组UAE较治疗前明显降低(P0.05)。观察组NAG、RBP较对照组明显降低(P0.05)。结论:联合前列地尔治疗对糖尿病肾小管功能较单纯血糖控制更显著。     

不同尿白蛋白水平的2型糖尿病患者肾小管相关标志物测定的临床意义

目的 评价不同尿白蛋白水平的2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者的肾小管功能及其与尿白蛋白的相关性.方法 438例T2DM患者按Mongensen分期分为正常白蛋白尿组(112例)、微量白蛋白尿组(106例)、大量白蛋白尿组(114例)、肾功能不全组(106例),另设正常对照组(87例),比较各组尿视黄醇结合蛋白(RBP)、β2-微球蛋白(β2-MG)、N-乙酰-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)/尿肌酐(Ucr)比值和24h尿Tamm-Horsrall蛋白(T-HP)水平.结果 正常白蛋白尿组、微量白蛋白尿组、大量白蛋白尿组、肾功能不全组尿NAG/Ucr(分别为9.48,9.68,9.99,10.12 μ/gcr)、RBP(中位数分别为0.09,0.62,3.02,2.96 mg/L)均高于正常对照组(NAG 9.01 μ/gcr,RBP 0.00 mg/L,P均＜0.01);微量白蛋白尿组、大量白蛋白尿组和肾功能不全组尿β2-MG(中位数分别为0.11,0.12,1.4 mg/L)高于正常对照组(0.09 mg/L,P均＜0.01)及正常白蛋白尿组(0.10 mg/L,P＜0.01或0.05);各组间24 h尿T-HP无显著差异.分别联合检测尿RBP+NAG、RBP+β2-MG、NAG+β2-MG以预测正常白蛋白尿组肾小管损伤,敏感性分别为14.3％,16.1％,26.8％.多元Logistic回归分析显示正常白蛋白尿组近端肾小管功能异常与糖化血红蛋白( Hb)A1c、舒张压、收缩压、糖尿病病程[优势比(OR)分别为2.38,1.25,1.10,1.20]显著相关(P均＜0.05).结论 近端肾小管功能受损可能出现于微量白蛋白尿之前,联合测定尿NAG和β2-MG可敏感反映早期近端肾小管功能损伤,血糖控制差、血压升高、糖尿病病程长是正常白蛋白尿期肾小管损伤的独立危险因素.     

尿微量蛋白检测在糖尿病肾病早期诊断中的应用

检测59例糖尿病(DM)患者[尿微量白蛋白正常37例(DM-1组)、升高22例(DM-2组)]尿转铁蛋白(TRF)、Ⅳ型胶原(Ⅳ-C)、铜蓝蛋白(CERP) 、视黄醇结合蛋白(RBP)、N-乙酰β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)等微量蛋白水平,并与其血生化指标的相关性进行分析.结果DM-2组尿CERP、Ⅳ-C、TRF和RBP、NAG均显著高于DM-1组(P＜0.01),均与尿蛋白排泄率呈显著正相关;上述尿微量蛋白升高,与血肌酐、血尿酸、血尿素氮等呈正相关.认为DN早期肾小球受损的同时就存在肾小管功能损害,尿TRF、Ⅳ-C、CERP、RBP、NAG在早期预测与筛选DN方面灵敏度高.     

黄葵胶囊对糖尿病肾病患者肾小管功能的影响

目的观察黄葵胶囊治疗糖尿病肾病（DN）的作用机制。方法将128例DN临床Ⅲ期患者随机分为治疗组和对照组各64例,两组均予常规对症治疗,观察组加服黄葵胶囊6粒／次,3次／d,连用30d。观察两组治疗前后肾小管功能指标尿β2-微球蛋白（β2-MG）、尿乙酰-β-D氨基葡萄糖苷酶（NAG）、可滴定酸（TA）、铵（NH4＋）、视黄醇结合蛋白（RBP）及24h蛋白定量变化。结果两组治疗后NAG、β2-MG、RBP均显著降低,尤以治疗组为著（P〈0．05、0．01）。结论黄葵胶囊对肾小管损伤具有保护作用,此可能为其治疗DN机制之一。     

尿视黄醇结合蛋白、N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶及尿蛋白检测在IgA肾病患者肾小管间质损害中的临床意义

目的 探讨尿视黄醇结合蛋白（RBP）、N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶（NAG）及24小时尿蛋白定量（UPE）等指标判断IgA肾病（IgAN）患者肾小管间质损害程度的临床意义.方法 收集我院2010年5月～2013年2月114例住院IgAN患者的临床及病理资料,依据Lee氏病理分级系统将患者分为Lee I～Ⅱ级27例（A组）、LeeⅢ级46例（B组）和LeeⅣ～V级41例（C组）,分析不同分级IgAN肾小管间质病变情况与尿RBP、NAG、UPE等指标之间的相关性.结果 各组间血红蛋白（Hb）、白蛋白（ALB）、前白蛋白（pre-ALB）、血肌酐（SCr）、尿素氮（BUN）、总胆固醇（TC）、UPE、尿RBP及NAG等指标比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）,镜下血尿及高血压的发生率随病理程度加重而上升（P＜0.01）,肾小管萎缩、肾间质炎细胞浸润、肾间质纤维化及动脉硬化在各组间比较差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.01）,相关性分析显示尿RBP、NAG与肾小管萎缩、肾间质炎症细胞浸润、肾间质纤维化及动脉硬化程度呈正相关;UPE与肾小管萎缩程度呈负相关（r=-0.213,P＜0.05）,尿RBP、NAG水平与eGFR呈负相关.结论 IgAN患者高血压及血尿发生率、Hb、ALB、TC、肾功能、RBP、NAG、UPE等指标与肾脏病理损伤程度有关,尿RBP、NAG及UPE联合检测对判断肾小管病理损伤程度及肾功能有临床意义.     

血清中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白、胱抑素C及尿白蛋白肌酐比值、N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶检测在早期糖尿病肾脏疾病中的应用价值

目的探讨血清中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白(NGAL)、胱抑素C(Cys-C)及尿白蛋白肌酐比值(UACR)、N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)在早期糖尿病肾病(EDN)中的应用价值。方法选取eGFR60 ml/(min·1.73 m~2)的T2DM患者430例,按UACR水平分为正常蛋白尿组(NA,UACR30 mg/g)165例、微量蛋白尿组(MA,30≤UACR300 mg/g)155例及大量蛋白尿组(HA,UACR≥300 mg/g)110例。另选门诊健康体检者175名为正常对照组(NC)。检测各组血NGAL、Cys-C及UACR、NAG水平并行统计学分析。结果与NC组比较,NA组NAG、NGAL升高,MA组NGAL、Cys-C、UACR、NAG也升高(P0.01)。与NA组比较,MA组NGAL、UACR、NAG升高(P0.01)。HA组各项指标较其他组升高(P0.01)。相关性分析显示,UACR与NAG、Cys-C、NGAL均呈正相关(r为0.583、0.569、0.513)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,Cys-C、UACR是EDN独立的风险因素。UACR、NAG、Cys-C、NGAL的受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线下面积(AUC)依次为0.973、0.864、0.778、0.759,单项检测NAG敏感性最高(90.2%),Cys-C特异性最大(94.5%)。结论 4种标志物与EDN密切相关,Cys-C、UACR是EDN独立的风险因素;NAG是早于尿白蛋白出现的反应肾小管间质损伤非常敏感的指标;NGAL作为一种新型的生物学标志物与EDN的损伤程度密切相关,是糖尿病肾脏疾病(DKD)发生发展重要的动态监测指标。4项指标联合检测的诊断效能最大(敏感性97.4%、特异性98.5%)。     

血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂对糖尿病肾病早期肾小管功能的保护作用研究

目的探讨血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂（ACEI）对肾小管功能的保护作用。方法选择142例2型糖尿病合并高血压的患者，按治疗方法不同分A组（降糖的同时口服ACEI类降压药）和B组（降糖的同时口服非ACEI类降压药），检测各组尿N-乙酰-β-葡萄糖苷酶（NAG）、视黄醇结合蛋白（RBP）、α1微球蛋白（α1-MG）、IV胶原（CIV）水平，并进行统计学分析。结果组尿微量白蛋白排泄明显低于B组（P〈0．05）；肾小管功能指标中尿RBP明显低于B组（P〈0．05），而NAG、α1—MG、CIV差异无显著性意义（P〉0．05）。结论ACEI能明显减少糖尿病肾病患者尿白蛋白的排泄，而且对糖尿病肾病患者的肾小管功能有保护作用，糖尿病患者应提前使用ACEI类降压药。     

糖尿病兔肾小管间质损伤标志物变化及长春新碱的干预作用

目的 观察糖尿病兔肾小管间质损伤标志物变化及长春新碱对其影响。方法 日本大白兔随机分成正常对照组（C组）、糖尿病组（DM组）、糖尿病长春新碱治疗组（DV组）；耳缘静注射四氧嘧啶造成兔糖尿病模型，DV组每周予一次长春新碱耳缘静脉注射；胰岛素控制DM组、DV组血糖16.0-25.0 mmol/L.第8周、第12周时分别测各组半数兔血糖、肾重、体重、尿视黄醇结合蛋白（RBP）、N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶（NAG）。结果 给药后72h DV组、DM组血糖明显升高形成稳定糖尿病模型；第8周、第12周时，DV组体重明显高于DM组（P〈0.05）、肾重/体重值明显2低于DM组（P〈0.05）,DM组尿RBP、NAG明显高于对照组（P〈0.05）,DV组尿RBP、NAG均明显低于DM组（P〈0.05）.结论 糖尿病兔早期存在肾小管间质损伤，长春新碱可减轻糖尿病兔肾小管间质损伤，降低肾重/体重值。     

循证医学在2型糖尿病肾病早期诊断中的应用

目的 利用循证检验医学的思维方法,在众多肾病早期筛查的指标中,选出一组判断2型糖尿病(T2DM)早期肾脏损伤的组合.方法 分别检测健康对照组80例和T2DM组287例尿液尿微量白蛋白(mALB)、β2微球蛋白(β2-MG)、α1微球蛋白(α1-MG)、转铁蛋白(TRF)、尿N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)水平,按超过健康对照组正常上限(x±2 s),统计阳性例数及阳性率.结果 肾小球、肾小管损伤指标mALB TRF α1-MG NAG或mALB TRF β2-MG NAG联合检测较传统mALB β2-MG联合检测及仅联合检测肾小球或肾小管损伤指标,检出率高.检测mALB TRF α1-MG NAG与mALB TRF β2-MG NAG比较无显著差别.结论 肾小球、肾小管损伤指标联合检测中,建议选择mALB TRF α1-MG NAG或mALB TRF β2-MG NAG联检,影响因素少,结果稳定,检出率高.     

尿视黄醇结合蛋白判断肾小管—间质损伤的临床意义

目的探讨尿视黄醇结合蛋白(RBP)测定在判断肾小管-间质损伤中的临床意义.万法144例经肾活检明确诊断的肾炎患者,根据病变肾小管-间质累及的程度半定量分为轻度、中度、重度三组.分别测定其尿RBP、溶菌酶、NAG酶,分析三者之间的相关性、敏感性以及与小管-间质损伤的病因及病变程度的关系.结果尿RBP水平与尿溶菌酶具显著相关性(r=0.462,P＜0.01),与尿NAG酶无明显相关性(r=0.013,P＞0.05).144例患者中RBP升高者104例(72.2%),溶菌酶升高者48例(33.3%),NAG酶升高者100例(69.4%).尿RBP升高者中80.8%患者的NAG酶,40.4%患者的溶菌酶同时升高;溶菌酶升高者中RBP同时升高者91.67%;NAG酶升高者中RBP同时升高者84%.尿RBP升高发生率明显高于溶菌酶(P＜0.01).尿RBP排泄与小管-间质病变严重程度相关,轻度、中度及重度病变三组分别为0.57(0.05～111.3)mg/L,4.84(0.06～200)mg/L,30.5(0.07～360)mg/L,具有显著性差异(P＜0.05).药物中毒性急性肾小管坏死患者尿RBP显著高于药物过敏性间质性肾炎,分别为59.5(1.85～360)mg/L、7.28(0.2～55)mg/L,P＜0.05.结论尿RBP较溶菌酶更能敏感地反映肾小管损伤及其程度,值得临床推广.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.