郑州市城区居民食物摄入状况调查结果分析

目的 调查分析郑州市城区居民食物摄入状况,为合理膳食指导干预提供参考。方法 采用多阶段整群随机抽样方法,抽取郑州市城区24个社区,每个社区10～12户,对每户所有3岁及以上人群,采取3 d 24 h膳食回顾法和食物称重法进行调查分析。结果 2020年共调查267户738人,每标准人日谷薯类（595.4 g）和蛋类（51.4 g）食物摄入高于推荐量;奶及奶制品（56.7 g）、蔬菜类（203.2 g）、水产类（0 g）、大豆及坚果（5.3 g）、水果类（18.1 g）和食用油（21.5 g）摄入低于推荐量;畜禽肉类（70.6 g）和食用盐（5.4 g）摄入符合推荐量。各类食物中仅谷薯类和蛋类摄入量大于2012全国监测数据（Z = 20.65,P＜0.001;Z = 18.33,P＜0.001）。男性谷薯类和蔬菜类的摄入量大于女性（χ2 = 15.09,P＜0.001;χ2 = 4.43,P = 0.035）;女性奶及奶制品的摄入量多于男性（χ2 = 4.19,P = 0.041）;不同年龄性别居民食物摄入量波动较大。结论 郑州市城区居民膳食结构不太合理,奶及奶制品、蔬菜类、水产类、大豆及坚果和水果类摄入量不足,应不断进行膳食结构优化,做好居民合理膳食指导干预工作。     

河北省成年居民膳食钠摄入状况及食物来源分析

目的 了解并分析河北省成年居民膳食钠摄入状况。方法 研究数据来自2015年河北省居民营养与健康状况监测项目,采用分层多阶段与人口成比例整群随机抽样的方法,共有1 465户3 212名18岁及以上居民纳入本研究。将连续 3 d 24 h 膳食回顾数据和调味品称重数据相结合,以《中国食物成分表2004》为依据,计算膳食钠。结果 调查对象平均每标准人日摄入膳食钠4 279.9(2 962.4～6 186.9)mg,其中城市为4 095.6(2 724.9～5 754.9)mg,农村为4 426.9(3 078.3～6 454.4)mg,农村高于城市(χ²=20.977,P<0.05)。不同经济状况居民中,家庭人均年收入<20 000元的居民膳食钠摄入量为4 751.3(3 312.5～6 820.3)mg,与其他收入组差异有统计学意义(H=39.766,P<0.001); 不同文化程度的居民中,大专及以上的居民每标准人日摄入膳食钠3 692.5(2 572.4～5 130.6)mg,与其他文化程度组差异有统计学意义(H=21.275,P<0.001)。调查对象膳食钠主要来源于食盐(73.1%)、高盐调味品(酱油占12.6%,酱类占7.4%,腐乳咸菜类占5.9%,味精、鸡精占3.4%)和零食、小吃、速食类(7.6%)。结论 河北省成年居民膳食钠的摄入量较高,食盐、高盐调味品和零食、小吃、速食类是膳食钠的主要来源,农村居民、低收入和教育程度相对较低的居民膳食钠摄入量较高,建议应加强减盐限钠政策的战略性和针对性。     

湖南省居民膳食脂肪与食物纤维素摄入状况评价

本文运用１９９２年全国第三次营养调查的数据，按百分位四分位数法对湖南省居民膳食脂肪与食物纤维素摄入状况进行了研究。结果显示城市居民和高收入人群脂肪供热比大部分在２５．８％以上，而大部分农村居民和低收入人群的脂肪供热比低于１８．８％。４５～６０岁年龄组脂肪消费高于其它年龄组。食物纤维人均摄入为１２．２５ｇ，农村明显高于城市。城乡分布和收入水平是个人脂肪消费行为的主要影响因素，应以此为方向，分别进行营养指导。     

中国居民膳食钙的摄入状况

目的分析比较中国不同地区不同年龄性别人群膳食中钙的摄入状况。方法利用2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查数据,全国31个省132个县23470户,其中城市7687户,农村15783户,调查人数为68962人,膳食调查采用连续3天24小时回顾法食物记录数据及称重记帐法记录的家庭调味品消费量数据。结果各年龄组的钙的摄入量均较低,在各年龄组男性钙的摄入量均高于女性,城市人群高于农村人群,大多数人的摄入水平只达到适宜摄入量(AI)的20%～60%,达到AI的人群不足5%,11～13岁年龄的青少年达到AI的人数最少,在1.1%～1.7%之间;中国居民的钙主要来源于蔬菜、豆类及制品、面、米及其制品,分别占35.2%、13.9%、11.2%和9.1%,奶及其制品只占4.3%。结论中国城乡各年龄人群钙的摄入量不足,处于青春发育期的儿童青少年是钙缺乏的重点人群。     

成都市社区居民食物摄入频率研究

本次调查研究旨在了解中国西部代表城市———成都市的社区居民食物摄入频率现状和膳食结构 ,为今后在城市开展社区居民营养教育和营养改善工作提供科学依据。1　对象与方法1 1　对象采用整群抽样法选取成都市玉林社区 15岁以上居民 94 7人作为调查对象。1 2　方法1 2 1　调查     

中国18～59岁居民膳食脂肪酸的摄入状况及食物来源分析

目的 分析我国18～59岁居民膳食脂肪酸的摄入状况及食物来源。方法 利用中国成人慢性病与营养监测(2015)中3d 24h膳食调查数据,对36 118名年龄在18～59岁人群的膳食脂肪酸摄入状况及食物来源进行分析。结果我国18～59岁居民膳食总脂肪(TFA)、饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)及多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)摄入量的中位数分别为62.8、15.9、27.4、16.2g/d。农村TFA和MUFA的摄入量高于城市、而SFA和PUFA的摄入量低于城市(P<0.001)。城乡居民的SFA、MUFA、PUFA之比均为1:1.5:1.1。城市和农村n-6/n-3PUFA比例分别为8.6和7.9,城市高于农村(P<0.001)。膳食SFA、MUFA和PUFA的供能百分比分别为7.8%、13.5%和8.0%。城市SFA和PUFA的供能比高于农村(P<0.001),MUFA供能比在城乡间无差异(P=0.051)。植物油和动物性食物分别提供了膳食中49.4%和30.9%的TFA、29.1%和44.6%的SFA、49.7%和33.3%的MUFA、64.6%和14....     

中国成人膳食脂肪酸摄入和食物来源状况分析

目的分析我国成人膳食脂肪酸摄入量及主要脂肪酸的食物来源。方法利用2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查中3d24h回顾膳食调查结果,结合食物成分表中脂肪酸数据及补充测定的34种食物脂肪酸数据,对44905名成人(不包括孕妇和乳母)的膳食脂肪酸摄入量及食物来源进行分析。结果城市居民饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)和多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)摄入量中位数分别为15.9、23.6和20.2,农村居民分别为13.8、23.4和13.7g/d;城市居民α亚麻酸(ALA)、二十碳五烯酸(EPA)、二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)、亚油酸(LA)和花生四烯酸(AA)摄入量中位数分别为2.3g/d、1.8mg/d、22.1mg/d、17.6g/d、45.4mg/d,农村居民分别为1.3g/d、0.0mg/d、6.0mg/d、11.3g/d、43.1mg/d。城市、农村居民膳食中S/M/P比值分别为1:1.4:1.3和1:1.5:1.1;n-6/n-3系列多不饱和脂肪酸比例分别为7.6和8.0。全国居民SFA、MUFA和PUFA供能百分比中位数分别为6.1、9.8和6.3。城市居民51.4%的膳食SFA来自动物性食物,农村为38.5%。城市和农村居民膳食中MUFA的主要来源是食用油和动物性食物。城市居民膳食脂肪中约50%的PUFA、n-6PUFA和n-3PUFA来自于豆油和色拉油;农村PUFA和n-6系列PUFA来源广泛。农村居民膳食n-3PUFA近一半来自于菜籽油。结论城乡居民SFA、MUFA、PUFA的摄入比例合理;与参考摄入量相比,城乡居民n-6/n-3PUFA比例偏高,应增加膳食中n-3系列PUFA摄入量所占比例。     

山东省8个大中城市居民食物消费趋势

膳食结构不仅可反映人群的营养状况,在一定程度上也可反映一个国家或地区经济发展水平和社会文明程度.为了解山东省大中城市居民的食物消费情况,对山东省8个大中城市在1988～1997年间居民的各类食物消费情况进行了分析.     

2010—2012年中国65岁及以上老年居民蛋类食物摄入状况分析

目的分析中国65岁及以上老年居民蛋类食物的摄入状况。方法数据来自2010—2012年中国居民营养与健康状况监测项目中膳食频率法问卷调查。采用多阶段分层与人口成比例的整群随机抽样方法进行抽样,研究对象为中国内地31个省份150个监测点65岁及以上老年居民,共8205名,计算其蛋类食物的摄入量、消费率及达到中国膳食指南推荐量的人群比例。结果 2010—2012年中国65岁及以上老年居民蛋类摄入量为25.7 g/d(P25 9.2 g/d,P50 25.7 g/d,P75 50.4 g/d),大城市、中小城市、普通农村、贫困农村分别为36.9~50.0、21.4~28.6、14.3~21.4和17.1~21.4 g/d。蛋类食物消费率为93.5%,大城市、中小城市、普通农村、贫困农村分别为93.0%~96.8%、87.6%~95.2%、91.5%~96.0%和85.5%~94.9%。65岁及以上居民蛋类摄入量达到我国膳食指南推荐量人群比例为35.5%,大城市、中小城市、普通农村、贫困农村的人群比例分别为49.1%~58.7%、29.4%~37.9%、18.5%~31.0%和26.4%~31.3%。结论中国65岁及以上居民蛋类食物消费率较高,但摄入量不足,与中国居民膳食指南中蛋类食物推荐量仍有很大差距。     

经济收入水平对中国城乡居民膳食营养素摄入及膳食结构的影响

目的分析家庭人均年收入水平对我国城乡居民膳食营养素摄入状况及膳食结构的影响。方法利用2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查"中的连续3天24小时回顾法的食物数据、家庭食物称重法记录的家庭调味品消费量数据和家庭人均年收入数据,应用SAS软件进行统计分析。结果中国城乡居民平均每标准人蛋白质摄入量、脂肪摄入量、脂肪供能比、动物性食物来源的能量和蛋白质的比例以及某些微量营养素的摄入量均收入增加呈明显的上升趋势。结论家庭经济收入水平是影响我国城乡居民膳食营养素摄入和膳食结构的重要因素。     

四川摩梭人红细胞血型分布情况调查

目的对四川省盐源县泸沽湖镇202名摩梭人(蒙古族)的9个红细胞血型系统21种抗原进行调查,以了解其分布情况。方法 ABO血型正反定型、Rh系统D、C、c、E、e抗原的鉴定均采用微柱凝胶法,MNSs、Kidd、Lewis、P、Duffy、Diego、Kell血型系统抗原检测均采用经典的试管法。结果各基因频率分别为:ABO系统P=0.271 9,q=0.149 7,r=0.578 4,MNSs系统m=0.636 2,n=0.363 8,S=0.074 3,s=0.925 7,Rh系统C=0.668 3,c=0.331 7,E=0.285 9,e=0.714 1,D=0.929 3,CDE=0.011 2,CDe=0.657 1,cDE=0.274 1,cDe=0.024 0,cde=0.033 0,Duffy系统Fya=0.975 2,Fyb=0.024 8,Kidd系统Jka=0.450 5,Jkb=0.450 0,Jk=0.099 5,P系统P1=0.135 4,P2=0.864 6,Diego系统Dia=0.022 6,Dib=0.977 4,Kell系统K=0,K=1。结论四川摩梭人红细胞血型分布特征基本符合中国南方人的血型分布特点。     

Disparities exist between the dietary intake of Indigenous Australian women during pregnancy and the Australian dietary guidelines: the Gomeroi gaaynggal study

Background

Little is known about the adequacy of nutrient intakes and the overall diet quality of Indigenous Australian pregnant women. The aim of this cross‐sectional study was to assess nutrient sufficiency and diet quality, as measured using the Australian Recommended Food Score (ARFS ), in pregnant women from the Gomeroi gaaynggal cohort (n = 58).

Methods

Maternal dietary intake during pregnancy was assessed using the Australian Eating Survey Food Frequency Questionnaire, which was self‐administered in the third trimester. Diet quality was determined using the ARFS . Food group servings and nutrient intakes were compared to the Australian Guide to Health Eating (AGHE ) and Australian Nutrient Reference Values (NRV s). The current analysis examined the adequacy of usual intakes from food sources only, excluding supplements.

Results

None of the women met all AGHE daily food group serving recommendations. The highest alignment rates were for dairy (33%), meat/alternatives (31%) and vegetables (29.3%). Almost 93% of participants exceeded the recommended intake of energy‐dense, nutrient‐poor foods and percentage energy from saturated fat was high (15%). Of the five key nutrients for optimal reproductive health (folate, iron, calcium, zinc and fibre), the nutrients with the highest percentage of pregnant women achieving the NRV s were zinc (77.6%) and folate (68.9%), whereas iron was the lowest. Only one person achieved all NRV s (folate, iron, calcium, zinc and fibre) important in pregnancy. The median ARFS was 28 points (maximum of 73).

Conclusions

Although the small cohort limits the generalisability of the findings of the present study, the data obtained indicate that the diets of these Indigenous pregnant women are inadequate. Therefore, strategies aiming to optimise nutrient intakes of Indigenous pregnant women are needed urgently.

     

Follow-up phone calls increase nutrient intake estimated by three-day food diaries in 13-year-old participants of the Raine study

Aim: Our primary objective was to determine the effect of follow‐up phone calls on estimated nutrient intakes obtained by three‐day food diaries from 13‐year‐old adolescents. Methods: Food diaries were recorded using household measures and entered into a dietary analysis software program, before and after follow up by telephone. A sample of 340 participants aged 13 years born into the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study, a population‐based longitudinal cohort followed from 16 to 20 weeks' gestation to 13 years of age (current follow up). After face‐to‐face instruction, participants completed three‐day food diaries at home and returned them by post. Follow‐up telephone calls were made to each participant to improve data collection response and to verify missing details in the food diaries. Nutrient intakes before and after telephone follow up were compared using Student's t‐tests in spss . Results were also compared with those of the Child and Adolescent Physical Activity and Nutrition survey. Results: Follow‐up phone calls significantly increased the estimated intake of total kilojoules, water, total carbohydrates, sugars and magnesium (P < 0.05). Conclusion: These results indicate the importance of follow‐up phone calls to obtain missing details in three‐day food diaries completed by adolescents.     

杭州市居民膳食钙摄入不同评价方法比较

目的使用总膳食研究的食物样本检测结果和食物成分表食物营养素含量2种不同数据分析浙江省杭州市居民膳食钙摄入水平及分布。方法采用3 d食物称重法和3 d 24 h回顾法收集杭州市1 744名调查对象食物消费量数据, 并对烹调后代表性食物样品钙含量进行检测, 分别使用检测结果及食物成分表钙含量数据计算个体摄入量, 并与膳食营养素参考摄入量(DRIs)比较, 分析2种方法的相关性。结果杭州市不同性别与年龄组居民每日钙摄入量中位数为303.9～544.2 mg/d(检测法)和385.9～610.1 mg/d(查表法), 两者r_Spearman为 0.712～0.911(均P<0.001), 除城区男性14～17岁组外, 检测法结果明显低于查表法(均P<0.05);城、郊居民摄入量达到推荐摄入量(RNI)者分别为6.9%、6.1%(查表法)和1.8%、0.3%(检测法)。结论杭州市居民膳食钙摄入量普遍明显不足, 使用食物样品检测结果及食物成分表数据计算膳食钙摄入量具有较高的相关性, 但前者明显低于后者。     

Designing a research infrastructure on dietary intake and its determinants

Research on dietary intake and its determinants is crucial for an adequate response to the current epidemic of diet‐related non‐communicable chronic diseases. In order to respond to this challenge, the RICHFIELDS project was tasked with designing a research infrastructure (RI) that connects data on dietary intake of consumers in Europe, and its determinants, collected using apps and wearable sensors, from behavioural laboratories and experimental facilities and from other RIs. The main output of the project, an RI design, describes interfaces (portals) to collect data, a meta‐database and a data‐model to enable data linkage and sharing. The RICHFIELDS project comprises three phases, each consisting of three work packages, and an overarching methodological support work package. Phase 1 focused on data generated by consumers (e.g. collected by apps and sensors) relating to the purchase, preparation and consumption of food. Phase 2 focused on data generated by organisations such as businesses (e.g. retail data), government (e.g. procurement data) and experimental research facilities (e.g. virtual supermarkets). Phases 1 and 2 provided Phase 3 with insights on data types and design requirements, including the business models, data integration and management systems and governance and ethics. The final design will be used in the coming years to build an RI for the scientific research community, policy makers and businesses in Europe. The RI will boost interdisciplinary multi‐stakeholder research through harmonisation and integration of data on food behaviour.     

The development of childhood dietary preferences and their implications for later adult health

The food fed to infants and young children not only determines their health in childhood but also predicts the foods that they eat in later life. Because adult dietary preferences are partially formed in childhood, the childhood diet inevitably contributes to the long‐term health of the individual. We are all aware of preferences that have endured since childhood, and that our dietary habits only change if we have reason to adapt them, perhaps for a healthier lifestyle. Adopting a healthy diet in adulthood is likely to be considerably easier if we have developed healthy food preferences during our childhood. Current information shows that toddlers are fed diets high in fat, sugar and salt and that mothers are confused about what toddlers should be eating. A healthy diet for toddlers combines foods from all the five food groups. This combination involves mixing high‐calorie and low‐calorie foods. Healthy food options should be introduced from weaning, and offered repeatedly through the infant and toddler years. Furthermore, the whole family should model a healthy eating lifestyle in order to foster the acceptance of foods that constitute a well‐balanced diet.