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Redox-regulating role of insulin: the essence of insulin effect

Authors:	Wang Xin Tao Ling Hai Chun X

Institution:	^a Department of Toxicology, School of Preventive Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China ^b Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China

Abstract:

Keywords:	4-HNE 4-hydroxynonenal 8-OHdG 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine 8-OHG 8-hydroxyguanine 8-iso-PGF_2α 8-iso-prostaglandin F_2α AD Alzheimer&rsquo s disease AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome Akt protein kinase B AMI acute myocardial infarction APS adaptor protein with pleckstrin homology and src homology 2 domains ARE antioxidant responsive element CAP Cbl/Cbl-associated protein CAT catalase Cbl Cbl family of adapters which comprises c-Cbl Cbl-b and Cbl-c/Cbl-3 is implicated in receptor tyrosine kinase signaling CoQ coenzyme Q CuZnSOD copper and zinc SOD DCM dilated cardiomyopathy DM diabetes mellitus ERK extracellular signal-regulated kinases Fln flotillin G-6-P glucose-6-phosphate G6PD glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase GCL γ-glutamylcysteine ligase GCLc catalytic subunit of γ-glutamylcysteine ligase GCLm modulatory subunit of γ-glutamylcysteine ligase GIK glucose insulin and potassium GPG G-phosphogluconate GPx glutathione peroxidase GR glutathione reductase Grb2 growth factor receptor binding protein 2 GSH glutathione GSK-3 glycogen synthase kinase 3 GSSG GSH disulfide GST glutathione-S-transferases H₂O₂ hydrogen peroxide HO-1 heme oxygenase-1 IGF-1 Insulin-like growth factor 1 IGF-1R insulin growth factor-1 receptor IR insulin receptor IRS1 insulin receptor substrate 1 IRS2 insulin receptor substrate 2 JNK Jun N-terminal kinase Keap1 Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 LPO lipid peroxidation MAPK mitogen-activated protein kinase MEK mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase MDA malondialdehyde MIMP mitochondrial inner membrane potential MnSOD manganese SOD MPO myeloperoxidase mTOR mammalian target of rapamycin NF-κB nuclear factor κB NADP⁺ oxidized nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate NADPH nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate NQO1 NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 NO nitric oxide NOS nitric oxide synthase Nrf2 nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 NTY nitrotyrosine O₂^els-cdn ^{&minus" target="_blank">com/sd/entities/rad" class="glyphImg">}^&minus superoxide ^els-cdn OH" target="_blank">com/sd/entities/rad" class="glyphImg">OH hydroxyl ONOO^els-cdn " target="_blank">com/sd/entities/rad" class="glyphImg"> peroxynitrite P70S6K ribosomal p70 S6 kinase PCIs percutaneous coronary interventions PDK1 phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 PI3K phosphatidylinositol 3&prime -kinase PKC protein kinase C Prx peroxiredoxin RAF v-raf-1 murine leukemia viral oncogene homolog 1 raf proto-oncogene serine/threonine protein kinase Ras a small GTP binding protein RO^els-cdn " target="_blank">com/sd/entities/rad" class="glyphImg"> alkoxyl RNS reactive nitrogen species ROS reactive oxygen species ROO^els-cdn " target="_blank">com/sd/entities/rad" class="glyphImg"> peroxyl RS^els-cdn " target="_blank">com/sd/entities/rad" class="glyphImg"> thiyl Shc Src homology domain adaptor homolog family member SOD superoxide dismutase STZ streptozotocin SOS mammalian son of sevenless T1DM type 1 diabetes mellitus T2DM type 2 diabetes mellitus TBARS thiobarbituric acid reactive substances tBHP tert-butylhydroperoxide tBHQ tert-butylhydroquinone TPB-2 thioredoxin binding protein-2 TC10 Rho family member GTPase TRAP total radical trapping antioxidant parameter Trx thioredoxin Trx-S₂ oxidized form of Trx Trx-SH₂ reduced form of Trx TrxR thioredoxin reductase TXNIP thioredoxin-interacting protein UCP uncoupling protein
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