三维容积超声测量部分肢体体积在胎儿体重估测中的应用价值

目的分析三维容积超声测量部分肢体体积在胎儿体重估测中的应用价值情况。方法选择2015年4月至2019年4月在安阳市第三人民医院接受检查以及分娩的产妇206例的临床资料。产妇均接受三维超声部分肢体体积联合二维超声检查,分析其结果。结果把出生体重和超声参数开展相关性分析,探究大腿中段50%体积(TVol)、上臂中段50%体积(AVol)、大腿中段软组织厚度情况(STT)、腹围(AC)、股骨长(FL)、头围(HC)、双顶径(BPD)与新生儿出生体重呈现为线性关系。相关系数(r)分别为:0.816、0.701、0.544、0.590、0.377、0.411、0.399(P<0.05)。将新生儿出生体重视为因变量,把TVol、AVol、STT、AC、FL、HC、BPD视为自变量,开展多元回归分析依照具体的回归结果,TVol、AVol、AC、HC视为自变量,拟出多元线性回归方程,即:y=-2.751.157+6.785x1+8.775x2+13.594x3+4.582x4。对R方加以调整为0.795,证明拟合方程能体现出原始性数据。回归方程结果:F=51.258,P=0.000。结论利用三维超声可测量胎儿部分肢体体积,可在超声预测胎儿体重中发挥非常重要的作用,且该法有着操作简单、重复性高的优点,因此值得进一步在临床中推广应用。     

肝内胆汁淤积症孕妇的胎儿不良结局分析

目的对肝内胆汁淤积症孕妇的胎儿不良结局进行分析研究。方法随机选择在本院接受治疗的肝内胆汁淤积症孕妇作为观察组,与同期在本院正常分娩的对照组孕妇相比胎儿的不良结局。结果观察组的分娩结果 :12例早产、5例流产、5例死胎、4例新生儿窒息、40例正常分娩。对照组的分娩结果 :1例早产、1例新生儿窒息,64例正常分娩。观察组中胎儿不良结局发生率显著高于对照组,P <0.05;观察组中重度患者的胎儿不良结局发生率高于轻度患者,P <0.05。结论肝内胆汁淤积症导致胎儿不良结局发生率升高,应对加强对肝内胆汁淤积症的预防从而改善胎儿结局。     

Immunolocalization of VEGF/VEGFR system in human fetal vomeronasal organ during early development

The vomeronasal system (VNS) is an accessory olfactory structure present in most mammals adhibited to the detection of specific chemosignals implied in social and reproductive behavior. The VNS comprises the vomeronasal organ (VNO), vomeronasal nerve and accessory olfactory bulb. VNO is characterized by a neuroepithelium constituted by bipolar neurons and supporting and stem/progenitor cells. In humans, VNO is present during fetal life and is supposed to possess chemoreceptor activity and participate in gonadotropin-releasing hormone neuronal precursor migration toward the hypothalamus. Instead, the existence and functions of VNO in postnatal life is debated. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors (VEGFRs) have been demonstrated to play fundamental roles in various neurogenic events. However, there are no data regarding the localization and possible function of VEGF/VEGFRs in human fetal VNO. Therefore, this study was conceived to investigate the expression of VEGF/VEGFRs in human VNO in an early developmental period (9–12 weeks of gestation), when this organ appears well structured. Coronal sections of maxillofacial specimens were subjected to peroxidase-based immunohistochemistry for VEGF, VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2. Double immunofluorescence for VEGF, VEGFR-1 or VEGFR-2 and the neuronal marker protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5) was also performed. VEGF expression was evident in the entire VNO epithelium, with particularly strong reactivity in the middle layer. Strongly VEGF-immunostained cells with aspect similar to bipolar neurons and/or their presumable precursors were detected in the middle and basal layers. Cells detaching from the basal epithelial layer and detached cell groups in the surrounding lamina propria showed moderate/strong VEGF expression. The strongest VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 expression was detected in the apical epithelial layer. Cells with aspect similar to bipolar neurons and/or their presumable precursors located in the middle and basal layers and the detaching/detached cells displayed a VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 reactivity similar to that of VEGF. The basal epithelial layer exhibited stronger staining for VEGFRs than for VEGF. Cells with morphology and VEGF/VEGFR expression similar to those of the detaching/detached cells were also detected in the middle and basal VNO epithelial layers. Double immunofluorescence using anti-PGP 9.5 antibodies demonstrated that most of the VEGF/VEGFR-immunoreactive cells were neuronal cells. Collectively, our findings suggest that during early fetal development the VEGF/VEGFR system might be involved in the presumptive VNO chemoreceptor activity and neuronal precursor migration.     

胎儿髁状突的血液供应

作者对4~10个月胎龄的胎儿髁状突分别用显微解剖、微血管造影及组织学切片进行观察。结果显示：髁状突的血供主要来自关节囊颈部血管网，髓动脉和软骨膜内层血管网、营养支来源于面横动脉、嚼肌动脉、颞深后动脉、翼外肌动脉、颞浅动脉的关节后分支和鼓室前动脉的分支。髁状突血供呈立体交通系统，有明显的胎龄变化，在4个月（顶臀长度为107cm）时髁状突关节软骨中央有一条血管通道，并提出了血管通道形成之假设。     

The dynamic fetal brain

PURPOSE: To evaluate fetuses with normal intracranial anatomy in the second trimester that became abnormal in the third trimester. METHODS: We sonographically examined 6 fetuses with a normal second-trimester head sonogram that presented later in pregnancy with an abnormal head sonogram. RESULTS: Four categories of intracranial pathology were depicted: obstructive hydrocephalus, intraventricular intracranial hemorrhage, non-intraventricular intracranial hemorrhage, and porencephaly. CONCLUSIONS: Despite a normal midtrimester intracranial examination, evaluation of the fetal intracranial contents should be undertaken in subsequent sonographic examinations, because significant pathology can develop spontaneously.     

死胎肾脏组织中HBVDNA的表达的临床和病理研究

目的　观察死胎肾脏组织中HBVDNA表达的情况 ,探讨通过产妇传播到死胎肾脏组织中的HBV是否存在复制。方法　采集 40例乙型肝炎产妇产下的死胎 ,常规尸检 ,取肾脏组织。采用原位分子杂交法 ,检测其中的HBVD NA ;回访产妇产前静脉血HBV的检测结果。结果　死胎肾脏组织中HBVDNA的检出率为 2 6/ 4 0 (65 .0 % )例。产妇产前静脉血HBV呈高、低和无复制状态时 ,肾脏组织中HBVDNA的检出率分别为 1 4 / 1 6(88.0 % )例、2 / 4 (50 .0 % )例、1 0 /2 0 (50 .0 % )例 ;高、低、无复制者之间相互比较 ,差异显著 (P <0 .0 5)。HBVDNA颗粒在肾实质细胞 (近、远曲小管上皮细胞和肾血管球毛细血管内皮细胞 ,球内、外系膜细胞 ,球旁细胞 ,足细胞 )浆 ,肾脏血管中点、灶状分布 ,少数在肾实质细胞核上。结论　死胎肾脏组织中有HBV复制 ;死胎肾脏组织中HBVDNA表达与产妇血清中HBV复制状态有关     

Precocious synapses in 13.5-week fetal holoprosencephalic cortex and cyclopean retina

Background: Genetic programming of cerebral development involves tissue morphogenesis and also timing of developmental processes. Precocious synaptogenesis in the neocortical plate was previously demonstrated in 5 of 6 fetuses of 20–31 weeks gestation. Materials and methods: Neuropathological examination was performed of a 13-week-5-day fetus with trisomy-13, alobar holoprosencephaly, hydrocephalus, cyclopia and absence of ears. Immunocytochemical demonstration of the synaptic vesicle protein synaptophysin was performed in the brain and retina, along with other neuronal markers. Results: Synaptophysin reactivity in the cortical plate was patchy and precocious. Radial glial fibres, demonstrated by vimentin, were oriented parallel to the cortical plate rather than perpendicular, probably because of hydrocephalus. A corpus striatum was not identified, but the poorly formed thalamus exhibited synaptophysin reactivity around many neurones. The cyclopean eye had ocular features of maturational delay including persistent hyaloid artery; ganglion cells were reduced in number, but retinal synaptophysin reactivity was paradoxically precocious. Conclusions: Holoprosencephaly exhibits abnormal patchy synapse distribution in the neocortex and retina; synaptogenesis was precocious, as we previously described in older fetuses. Too soon an onset of synapse formation may promote early epileptic circuitry, leading to severe infantile epilepsies postnatally. The visual system is the last of the special sensory systems to mature, yet in this case showed too early synapse formation. In HPE, cyclopia and in trisomy 13, total absence of external ears has not been reported; it results from faulty craniofacial induction by neural crest.     

胎儿凝血因子活性的测定

目的　建立孕周为19～37周各胎龄段的正常胎儿脐血凝血因子的活性的正常范围,并与正常新生儿及成人血浆凝血因子的活性进行比较,了解各凝血因子活性的动态变化,为产前诊断血液病提供依据。方法　采用美国IL公司的ACLFuturaPlus型全自动血凝仪检测182例胎儿、32例足月新生儿、30例健康成人血浆中的凝血因子Ⅱ、Ⅴ、Ⅶ、Ⅷ、Ⅸ、Ⅹ、Ⅺ的活性。结果　凝血因子Ⅱ、Ⅴ、Ⅶ、Ⅷ、Ⅸ、Ⅹ、Ⅺ的活性在19～30周随胎龄的增加变化不明显,在出生时Ⅱ、Ⅸ、Ⅹ、Ⅺ因子活性都显著增加,但明显低于成人,Ⅷ因子在出生时显著增加已达成人水平,胎儿Ⅴ因子活性在19周时已达成人水平。结论　凝血因子Ⅱ、Ⅴ、Ⅶ、Ⅷ、Ⅸ、Ⅹ、Ⅺ的活性在胎儿、新生儿血浆中是一个动态变化过程,凝血因子活性发展不平衡,胎儿Ⅴ因子活性在19周时已达成人水平,Ⅷ因子在出生时已达成人水平,Ⅱ、Ⅷ、Ⅸ、Ⅹ、Ⅺ因子活性在出生时显著低于成人。