肠运动昼夜节律及其外科临床意义

肠运动存在昼夜节律，表现为白天活跃，夜间减弱或消失，这是一种内生性的、由时钟基因控制的生物节律。肠运动节律既可与中央节律保持高度一致，也可独立于中央节律而对外周环境刺激做出反馈。外科手术会破坏肠运动的昼夜节律，而围手术期合理使用褪黑素、五羟色胺（5-HT）受体激动剂和非甾体类解热镇痛药等药物则有助于促进此节律的恢复。外科医生了解肠运动节律的机制，有助于加深术后肠麻痹（POI）的认识，再基于时辰药理学，在合适的时机以适宜的剂量给药，或许能进一步缩短POI时间，促进肠运动功能尽早恢复。     

重灸中脘穴对脾胃虚寒型糖尿病胃轻瘫患者胃肠激素、胃动力学的影响

目的观察重灸中脘穴对脾胃虚寒型2型糖尿病胃轻瘫患者胃肠激素、胃动力学的影响。方法选取符合纳入标准的88例脾胃虚寒型糖尿病胃轻瘫患者,按随机数字表法分为治疗组和对照组,每组44例。对照组采用常规药物治疗,治疗组采用重灸中脘穴治疗。疗程结束后记录并对比分析两组临床疗效、胃肠激素[胃泌素(GAS)、胃动素(MTL)]、胃动力学(胃收缩频率、胃排空时间、胃排空率)、主要临床症状评分等变化。结果治疗组临床疗效明显优于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组治疗后GAS、MTL均明显优于治疗前(P<0.05),且治疗组明显优于对照组(P<0.05);两组治疗后胃收缩频率、胃排空时间、胃排空率均明显优于治疗前(P<0.05),且治疗组明显优于对照组(P<0.05);两组治疗后主要临床症状评分均明显优于治疗前(P<0.05),且治疗组明显优于对照组(P<0.05)。结论在常规药物治疗基础上重灸中脘穴治疗脾胃虚寒型2型糖尿病胃轻瘫,可调节胃肠激素,改善胃肠动力,促进胃肠功能恢复。     

m6A去甲基化酶ALKBH5与弱精症的相关性研究

目的探究N⁶-甲基腺嘌呤(m⁶A)去甲基化酶ALKBH5与弱精症的相关性。方法收集精液标本30份,包括弱精症患者与健康者精液标本各15份,密度梯度离心纯化精子,使用液相色谱与质谱联用(LC-MS/MS)检测精子RNA的m⁶A水平,使用实时荧光定量PCR法检测ALKBH5相对表达水平。结果弱精症患者m⁶A水平明显高于健康者,ALKBH5相对表达水平低于健康者,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。精子活动度参数相关性分析结果显示,ALKBH5相对表达水平与前向运动精子数和非前向运动精子数呈正相关(r=0.512、0.377,P<0.05),与不动精子数呈负相关(r=-0.497,P<0.05);m⁶A与前向运动精子数和非前向运动精子数呈负相关(r=-0.442、-0.425,P<0.05),与不动精子数呈正相关(r=0.528,P<0.05)。结论在弱精症患者中,m⁶A及其去甲基化酶ALKBH5与精子活动度具有相关性。     

Auricular Vagal Nerve Stimulation Improves Constipation by Enhancing Colon Motility via the Central-Vagal Efferent Pathway in Opioid-Induced Constipated Rats

ObjectivesConstipation and opioid-induced constipation (OIC) are common with limited treatment options. We investigated whether a noninvasive method of auricular vagal nerve stimulation (aVNS) could be used for treating OIC and explored its potential mechanisms and neural pathways in a rodent model of OIC.Materials and MethodsSprague–Dawley were chronically implanted with one pair of auricular electrodes for aVNS. Sixteen rats were treated with loperamide for a week while another 16 rats received bilateral vagotomy, then randomly treated with aVNS or sham-aVNS for a week. In addition, eight normal rats were implanted with a polyethylene catheter in the proximal colon for assessing whole colon transit.Results1) The number of fecal pellets and water content in feces increased after aVNS, compared with sham-aVNS. 2) aVNS accelerated colon transit and whole gut transit, compared with sham-aVNS. 3) In colon tissues, aVNS increased the protein expression of choline acetyltransferase, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and the c-kit expression in myenteric interstitial cells of Cajal but decreased the protein expression of neural nitric oxide synthase (p < 0.05 for all, vs. sham-VNS). 4) The prokinetic effects of aVNS were abolished by both subdiaphragmatic vagotomy and atropine. 5) aVNS increased the c-fos expression in both nucleus tractus solitarius and dorsal motor nucleus of vagus, and increased vagal efferent activity (p < 0.05, vs. sham-VNS).ConclusionsaVNS improves OIC by enhancing colon motility and restoring enteric neural functions mediated via the central and vagal efferent pathway.     

化痰通络汤对脑缺血/再灌注大鼠“肠-脑”轴的干预作用

目的 基于“肠-脑”轴探讨化痰通络汤（HTTLD）对大鼠脑缺血再灌注后脑组织和肠道形态和功能的影响。方法 将60只SPF级雄性大鼠随机分为假手术组，模型组，HTTLD高、中、低剂量组（28.66，14.33，7.16 g·kg^-1），依达拉奉（4 g·kg^-1）+丁酸梭菌（5.0×10⁸ cfu·mL^-1）组，采用大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型，灌胃给药HTTLD，神经功能缺损评分和2，3，5-氯化三苯四氮唑（TTC）染色法测定脑组织损伤，小肠推进率观察脑缺血再灌注对肠道动力的影响，十二指肠黏膜的病理形态学检测评价肠黏膜细胞损伤，酶联免疫吸附测定法（ELISA）测定血清D-乳酸（D-LAC），二胺氧化酶（DAO），细菌内毒素（LPS）含量，蛋白免疫印迹法（Western blot）检测十二指肠的闭合蛋白（Occludin），紧密连接蛋白-5（Claudin-5），闭锁小带蛋白-1（ZO-1）蛋白的表达。结果 脑缺血再灌注后，大鼠出现神经功能缺损症状，与假手术组比较，模型组神经功能缺损评分显著升高（P<0.01）；与模型组比较，HTTLD中、高剂量组能显著减少神经功能缺损症状，降低神经功能缺损评分（P<0.01）。与假手术组比较，模型组大鼠脑组织出现明显梗死灶，脑梗死率显著升高（P<0.01）；与模型组比较，各给药组脑梗死体积明显减少（P<0.01），以HTTLD高剂量组的效应最佳，且效应具有剂量依赖性。小肠推进率结果显示，与假手术组比较，模型组小肠推进率显著降低（P<0.01）；与模型组比较，各给药组能显著升高小肠推进率（P<0.01），以HTTLD高剂量效应最佳，且效应具有剂量依赖性。十二指肠黏膜组织病理学检测显示，脑缺血再灌注后十二指肠黏膜可见明显损伤，各给药组黏膜损伤情况明显减轻。与假手术组比较，模型组ZO-1，Occludin，Claudin-5蛋白表达均显著降低（P<0.01）；与模型组比较，HTTLD低、中、高剂量组能不同程度上调ZO-1，Occludin，Claudin-5蛋白表达（P<0.05，P<0.01），以高剂量组的效应最为显著。与假手术组比较，模型组血清D-LAC，DAO，LPS蛋白含量均显著升高（P<0.01）；与模型组比较，各给药组D-LAC，DAO含量均明显降低（P<0.05，P<0.01），HTTLD中、高剂量组明显降低LPS含量（P<0.05，P<0.01），且HTTLD高剂量组的作用最明显。结论 脑缺血再灌注后，大鼠脑组织受损、出现神经功能障碍，同时肠道黏膜损伤、肠道蠕动减弱和肠道黏膜屏障破坏。HTTLD能减少脑组织和胃肠道黏膜损伤，减轻神经功能缺损症状，提高胃肠道动力、改善肠道屏障功能、减少肠道细菌代谢产物和毒物的释放，从而发挥对脑缺血再灌注后“脑-肠”轴损伤的保护作用。     

Can adiponectin have an additional effect on the regulation of food intake by inducing gastric motor changes?

The regulation of food intake is a complex mechanism, and the hypothalamus is the main central structure implicated. In particular, the arcuate nucleus appears to be the most critical area in the integration of multiple peripheral signals.Among these signals, those originating from the white adipose tissue and the gastrointestinal tract are known to be involved in the regulation of food intake.The present paper focuses on adiponectin, an adipokine secreted by white adipose tissue, which is reported to have a role in the control of feeding by acting centrally. The recent observation that adiponectin is also able to influence gastric motility raises the question of whether this action represents an additional peripheral mechanism that concurs with the central effects of the hormone on food intake. This possibility, which represents an emerging aspect correlating the central and peripheral effects of adiponectin in the hunger-satiety cycle, is discussed in the present paper.     

Thiol oxidation by nitrosative stress: Cellular localization in human spermatozoa

Peroxynitrite is a highly reactive nitrogen species and when it is generated at high levels it causes nitrosative stress, an important cause of impaired sperm function. High levels of peroxynitrite have been shown to correlate with decreased semen quality in infertile men. Thiol groups in sperm are mainly found in enzymes, antioxidant molecules, and structural proteins in the axoneme. Peroxynitrite primarily reacts with thiol groups of cysteine-containing proteins. Although it is well known that peroxynitrite oxidizes sulfhydryl groups in sperm, the subcellular localization of this oxidation remains unknown. The main objective of this study was to establish the subcellular localization of peroxynitrite-induced nitrosative stress in thiol groups and its relation to sperm motility in human spermatozoa. For this purpose, spermatozoa from healthy donors were exposed in vitro to 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1), a compound which generates peroxynitrite. In order to detect peroxynitrite and reduced thiol groups, the fluorescent probes, dihydrorhodamine 123 and monobromobimane (mBBr), were used respectively. Sperm viability was analyzed by propidium iodide staining. Peroxynitrite generation and thiol redox state were monitored by confocal microscopy whereas sperm viability was evaluated by flow cytometry. Sperm motility was analyzed by CASA using the ISAS^® system. The results showed that exposure of human spermatozoa to peroxynitrite results in increased thiol oxidation which is mainly localized in the sperm head and principal piece regions. Thiol oxidation was associated with motility loss. The high susceptibility of thiol groups to peroxynitrite-induced oxidation could explain, at least in part, the negative effect of reactive nitrogen species on sperm motility.

Abbreviations: DHR: dihydrorhodamine 123; mBBr: monobromobimane ONOO^?: peroxynitrite RNS: reactive nitrogen species RFI: relative fluorescence intensity SIN-1: 3-morpholinosydnonimine CASA: Computer-Aided Sperm Analysis PARP: poli ADP ribose polimerasa VCL: curvilinear velocity VSL: straight-line velocity VAP: average path velocity PRDXs: peroxiredoxins ODF: outer dense fiber ODF1: outer dense fiber 1 PI: propidium iodide DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide SD: standard deviation ANOVA: analysis of variance     

马来酸曲美布汀对伴有无效食管动力的胃食管反流病患者食管运动功能的影响

[目的]观察马来酸曲美布汀对伴有无效食管动力的胃食管反流病患者食管运动功能的影响。[方法]对经内镜、24h食管pH-阻抗监测诊断为胃食管反流病,并行高分辨率食管压力测定(high resolution manometry,HRM),依据芝加哥3.0版标准诊断为无效食管动力的16例患者,给予马来酸曲美布汀0.2g tid、埃索美拉唑20mg、bid治疗2周后复查HRM,比较治疗前后下食管括约肌静息压(LESP)、食管体部各段波幅及时限、吞咽成功率、失蠕动比例、弱蠕动比例以及远端收缩积分(DCI)值等指标的变化。[结果]16例患者治疗前后LESP变化差异无统计学意义(P0.05),在LESP明显降低的7例患者中,与治疗前相比,治疗后LESP明显增加[(1.8±0.9)mmHg(1mmHg=0.133kPa)∶(8.2±5.4)mmHg],差异有统计学意义(P0.05);液体吞咽中,食管中段收缩波幅较治疗前明显增加[(33.7±11.4)mmHg∶(42.7±19.9)mmHg)],P0.05;黏性吞咽中,食管远端收缩波幅较治疗前明显增加[(44.7±18.4)mmHg∶(57.5±23.4)mmHg],P0.05;液体吞咽时,失蠕动比例较治疗前均显著下降,P0.05;液体及黏性吞咽时,DCI值均较治疗前明显增加,P0.05。在液体吞咽时,吞咽成功率较治疗前增加,差异有统计学意义,P0.05。[结论]马来酸曲美布汀可能增加合并下食管括约肌低压的GERD患者的LESP,通过增加食管体部收缩波幅,改善合并无效食管动力的GERD患者食管体部的廓清功能。