Severe hypokalemia in thyrotoxic periodic paralysis

Thyrotoxic hypokalemic periodic paralysis is an uncommon but sometimes fatal disease in which early recognition and therapy may prevent untoward complications. The case of a 26-year-old Chinese man who presented to the emergency department with rapidly progressive profound weakness and severe hypokalemia (serum potassium, 1.2 mEq/L) is presented. The patient required endotracheal intubation, ventilatory assistance, and intravenous potassium administration. Emergency medical evaluation and management of this entity are discussed.     

一例嗜血细胞综合征合并低钾血症患者的护理

正嗜血细胞综合征是由于各种原因引起的组织细胞增多,并活跃吞噬各种血细胞的反应性疾病~[1]。该病患病率较低、起病凶险、进展急剧、病死率高、预后较差。2014年5月,我科收治1例嗜血细胞综合征患者,经积极治疗与护理,效果满意。现报告如下。1病例介绍患者,男,46岁,因"乏力、反复高热伴三系减少3+个月"入院,入院诊断:嗜血细胞综合征、肺部真菌感染。入院查体:T:38.0℃,P:100次/min,R:20     

不同补钾方式治疗严重低钾血症的临床疗效

目的:探讨不同静脉途径注射高浓度氯化钾治疗重度低钾血症的安全性与疗效。方法:收集本院急诊科2010年1月至2013年6月97例重度低钾血症或者,用微量泵通过中心静脉补钾,将97例重度低钾血症患者随机分为治疗组48例与对照组49例,治疗组经中心静脉置管,6%氯化钾注射液经微量泵20~30 ml/h注射;对照组0.3%氯化钾注射液经输液泵150~250 ml/h注射补钾。结果:与对照相比较,治疗组6 h和12 h血钾明显上升较快,补钾终点时长明显缩短,补钾液体量明显减少,其差异均有显著统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论:在严密监测下经中心静脉微量泵高浓度补钾治疗重度低钾血症,是安全、有效、快速的治疗方法,值得在基层医院推广应用。     

Chest pain as a manifestation of hypokalemia in a pediatric patient

Patients presenting to the emergency department with chest pain are common and a cause of significant concern to patients and families and physicians alike. The causes of chest pain are myriad. These causes span diverse categories including cardiovascular, respiratory, abdominal and gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, psychiatric, hematologic and oncologic, and neurologic Thull-Freedman (2010) [1]. These diverse etiologies present a diagnostic and management challenge to the ER physician who is tasked to minimize unnecessary diagnostics while not missing any significant disease. Multiple reviews have discussed the various etiologies of chest pain in the pediatric patient presenting to the ER but none of these recent reviews has included hypokalemia as a cause of chest pain Talner and Carboni (2000), Cava and Sayger (2004), Ringstrom and Freedman (2006), Foy and Filippone (2015), Yeh and Yeh (2015) [2], [3], [4], [5], [6]. Additionally, no reviews of hypokalemia describe this condition presenting with chest pain (Mandal, 1997; Gennari, 2002; Medford-Davis and Rafique, 2014 [7], [8], [9]).This case report describes a pediatric patient who presents with chest pain that was attributed to hypokalemia. This report attempts to make practitioners aware that hypokalemia may present with chest pain and to encourage ER providers to include this in the differential diagnosis.     

干燥综合征合并获得性Gitelman综合征二例并文献复习

目的 提高对干燥综合征(SS)合并获得性Gitelman综合征的认识,了解其特点及治疗.方法 报告2例SS合并获得性Gitelman综合征病例的临床资料,并结合相关文献进行分析.结果 2例患者均为首次就诊的老年女性,临床以低钾血症及相关肌炎症状、肌酶学改变为特点入院.虽口干、眼干症状不典型,但查体及实验室等相关检查诊断SS明确,伴低血镁、代谢性碱中毒、高肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮,且无高血压,符合Gitelman综合征改变,因此考虑为SS合并获得性Gitelman综合征.结论 在符合Gitelman综合征临床特点基础上,诊断应完善肾活检.SS患者合并的Gitelman综合征少见,其发生机制与SS的关系有待进一步探讨.     

Clinical and biochemical spectrum of hypokalemic paralysis in North: East India

Background:

Acute hypokalemic paralysis, characterized by acute flaccid paralysis is primarily a calcium channelopathy, but secondary causes like renal tubular acidosis (RTA), thyrotoxic periodic paralysis (TPP), primary hyperaldosteronism, Gitelman’s syndrome are also frequent.

Objective:

To study the etiology, varied presentations, and outcome after therapy of patients with hypokalemic paralysis.

Materials And Methods:

All patients who presented with acute flaccid paralysis with hypokalemia from October 2009 to September 2011 were included in the study. A detailed physical examination and laboratory tests including serum electrolytes, serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK), urine analysis, arterial blood gas analysis, thyroid hormones estimation, and electrocardiogram were carried out. Patients were further investigated for any secondary causes and treated with potassium supplementation.

Result:

The study included 56 patients aged 15-92 years (mean 36.76 ± 13.72), including 15 female patients. Twenty-four patients had hypokalemic paralysis due to secondary cause, which included 4 with distal RTA, 4 with Gitelman syndrome, 3 with TPP, 2 each with hypothyroidism, gastroenteritis, and Liddle’s syndrome, 1 primary hyperaldosteronism, 3 with alcoholism, and 1 with dengue fever. Two female patients were antinuclear antibody-positive. Eleven patient had atypical presentation (neck muscle weakness in 4, bladder involvement in 3, 1 each with finger drop and foot drop, tetany in 1, and calf hypertrophy in 1), and 2 patient had respiratory paralysis. Five patients had positive family history of similar illness. All patients improved dramatically with potassium supplementation.

Conclusion:

A high percentage (42.9%) of secondary cause for hypokalemic paralysis warrants that the underlying cause must be adequately addressed to prevent the persistence or recurrence of paralysis.     

电解质紊乱与心律失常

许多电解质在细胞跨膜动作电位中起重要作用。电解质紊乱可改变心脏的离子电流动力学,根据变化可以促进心律失常或抗心律失常作用。本文回顾了电解质紊乱的致病机制、电生理改变、心电图表现和临床后果。     

直肠癌患者手术前血钾浓度变化的分析

目的 观察直肠癌患者入院至手术前血钾浓度的变化,为预防直肠癌患者术中及术后血钾紊乱提供临床证据.方法 分3个时间点监测40例直肠癌患者自入院至手术之前的血钾浓度变化,即入院第一天、服用泻药前、手术当天早晨,并根据患者年龄(低龄组、中龄组、高龄组)、性别(男性组、女性组)、饮食状况(饮食正常组、饮食稍下降组、饮食严重下降组)、病程(长病程组、中病程组、短病程组)进行分组,观察各时间点之间及各组之间血钾浓度,使用SPSS1 3.0统计软件进行统计分析.结果 所有患者血钾浓度平均值入院第一天为(4.09 ±0.62) mmol/L,服用泻药前为(3.83±0.46) mmoL/L,较入院第一天有所下降,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01),手术当天早晨为(3.36±0.40) mmol/L,与前两次均有统计学差异(P＜0.o1);不同性别之间各时间点血钾浓度差异无统学意义(P＞0.05);不同年龄组除低龄组与高龄组在手术当天早晨血钾浓度差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05)外,其他年龄组在不同时间点之间血钾浓度差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);不同饮食状况组、不同病程组在各时间点之间差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 直肠癌患者手术之前即可能处于低钾血症状态,其原因可能与患者病程长、饮食量下降、年老体弱、入院后饮食结构改变及服用泻药清洁肠道相关.