Forensic pathological characteristics of explosion trauma in confined space terrorist mass fatalities classified with a 3-dimensional model

BackgroundExplosion fatalities are the severest type of violent crimes. These involve the use of explosive devices in terrorist like activities in confined spaces in civilian or military settings, with mass number of people present all around. A stark dearth of literature for the forensic interpretation of such catastrophes is astonishing.PurposeCharacterization of the pattern of the multitude of injuries in explosions in confined spaces as guide for investigations and growth of literature on this entity.MethodologyA review of the archives of the forensic examinations of mass fatalities due to an explosion in a metro car was undertaken. It was combined with the reconstruction of the events by developing a three-dimensional model of this incident that involved seventeen fatalities.ResultsAll the decedents showed differential pattern of fatal injuries under the influence of damaging explosion factors (DEFs). The causative forces were characterized as gas-detonation (in all the cases), damaging effect by shock waves (59% of the cases), and impact of fragmentation and collision of the body (thrown off) with nearby objects. Traumatic effect due to shrapnel as well as blunt force was noted in 82% of the cases. Gross destruction of head due to combined effect of gas-detonation and fragmentation was seen in 29% of the cases.ConclusionAn interpretation of the nature and pattern of injuries in confined space explosions can help to estimate the location of deceased/s with respect to the epicenter and the type of DEFs.     

SI和DBP对女性产后出血的风险预测效果

目的考察休克指数(shock index,SI)和舒张压(diastolic blood pressure,DBP)对女性产后出血的风险预测效果。方法选取2016年1月～2018年12月在我院行产检并分娩的320例产后出血孕妇作为研究组,另外选取同期进行正常分娩的健康孕妇240例作为对照组,比较两组患者的一般临床资料、血红蛋白(hemoglobin,Hb)、舒张压(diastolic blood pressure,DBP)、收缩压(systolic blood pressure,SBP)、心率(heart rate,HR)及休克指数(shock index,SI),并采用Ordinal逻辑回归分析各参数对产后出血的风险预警。结果两组患者在年龄、孕周、BMI及新生儿体重相比,差异无统计学意义(P0.05),而孕次相比,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);与对照组产后24 h相比,研究组产后24 h患者的DBP、SBP及Hb均显著降低,而HR和SI显著升高(P0.05);与对照组产前相比,产后24 h患者的SBP、HR及SI显著降低(P0.05);与研究组产前相比,产后24 h患者的DBP、SBP、HR及Hb均显著降低,而SI显著升高,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);Ordinal逻辑回归分析结果显示,休克指数和舒张压对产后出血具有预警作用(P0.05)。结论休克指数和舒张压可作为评估女性产后出血的风险预测指标,临床应密切监护。     

妊娠期休克指数特点及与产后出血结局的相关性研究

目的:测定产妇在不同围产期的休克指数,研究围产期不同时期休克指数的特点,探讨休克指数与产后出血结果的关系。方法:选取2017年1月-2018年12月在恩平市人民医院妊娠足月待产的产妇共129例,根据患者产后是否发生产后大出血(即阴道分娩后24 h累计失血量>500 mL或剖宫产术后累计失血量>1000 mL),将产妇分为出血组(41例)和对照组(88例)。在两组产妇临产时、胎儿娩出后及产后12 h检测产妇的心率和收缩压,计算休克指数(休克指数=心率/收缩压),比较不同阶段两组产妇的休克指数,并分析不同阶段休克指数与产后出血量的相关性。结果:两组产妇在临产时和胎儿娩出后所测得的休克指数比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。但在产后12 h,出血组产妇的休克指数显著低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。临产时及胎儿娩出后,产妇的休克指数与产后出血量无显著相关性(P>0.05)。但产后12 h,产妇休克指数与产后出血量呈显著负相关(R=-0.382,P=0.029)。结论:临产时和胎儿娩出后产妇的休克指数与产后出血无关,但产后12 h的休克指数与产妇产后出血有一定关系,可用于预测和发现产后出血。     

Asistencia biventricular en el manejo de la disfunción ventricular izquierda secundaria a ECMO-VA periférica: a propósito de 2 casos

We report 2 patients with cardiogenic shock that developed severe left ventricular dysfunction due to a non-opening aortic valve while on peripheral VA-ECMO (Veno-Arterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenator). Patients were managed combining a LV (Left Ventricle) mechanical assist device, and central VA – ECMO to support the right ventricle, thus providing full circulatory and respiratory assistance. Patients were able to bridge to cardiac transplantation. We therefore recommend such combination in patients with severe LV dysfunction while on p-ECMO (peripheral ECMO) support.     

Development of a new biomechanical indicator for primary blast-induced brain injury

Primary blast-induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI) has been observed at the boundary of brain tissue and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Such injury can hardly be explained by using the theory of compressive wave propagation, since both the solid and fluid materials have similar compressibility and thus the intracranial pressure (ICP) has a continuous distribution across the boundary. Since they have completely different shear properties, it is hypothesized the injury at the interface is caused by shear wave. In the present study, a preliminary combined numerical and theoretical analysis was conducted based on the theory of shear wave propagation/reflection. Simulation results show that higher lateral acceleration of brain tissue particles is concentrated in the boundary region. Based on this finding, a new biomechanical vector, termed as strain gradient, was suggested for primary bTBI. The subsequent simple theoretical analysis reveals that this parameter is proportional to the value of lateral acceleration. At the boundary of lateral ventricles, high spatial strain gradient implies that the brain tissue in this area (where neuron cells may be contained) undergo significantly different strains and large velocity discontinuity, which may result in mechanical damage of the neuron cells.     

Management of Neonatal Hypotension and Shock

The current standard approach to manage circulatory insufficiency is inappropriately simple and clear: respond to low blood pressure to achieve higher values. However, the evidence for this is limited affecting all steps within the process: assessment, decision making, therapeutic options, and treatment effects. We have to overcome the ‘one size fits all’ approach and respect the dynamic physiologic transition from fetal to neonatal life in the context of complex underlying conditions. Caregivers need to individualize their approaches to individual circumstances. This paper will review various clinical scenarios, including managing transitional low blood pressure, to circulatory impairment involving different pathologies such as hypoxia-ischemia and sepsis. We will highlight the current evidence and set potential goals for future development in these areas. We hope to encourage caregivers to question the current standards and to support urgently needed research in this overlooked but crucial field of neonatal intensive care.     

脉搏指示连续心排血量监测在急性心肌梗死合并心源性休克治疗中的作用

目的 探讨脉搏指示连续心排血量监测(PICCO)在急性心肌梗死合并心源性休克治疗中的作用.方法 选取2014年6月至2016年12月期间广西贵港市人民医院收治的急性心肌梗死合并心源性休克患者共60例,按入院时间分成对照组和观察者组,每组各30例.对照组行中心静脉压(CVP)测定后进行指导治疗,观察组行PICCO及CVP测定后进行指导治疗,收集并记录两组患者在24 h内的总输液量、尿量、N-末端脑钠肽前体(NT-proBNP)值、心脏指数(CI)、左心室射血分数(LVEF)、乳酸值(Lac)、氧合指数(PaO2/FiO2)及28 d病死率指标.结果 两组入院时NT-proBNP、CI、LVEF差异无统计学意义,观察组24 h内的NT-proBNP值为(2591.0±1257.8)ng·L-1(P=0.038)和28 d病死率为50.0%(P=0.032),均较对照组的(3048.0±1640.3)ng·L-1和76.7%明显降低(均P<0.05),同时两组24 h内总输液量(P=0.003)、尿量(P<0.001)、CI(P=0.033)及LVEF(P=0.008)均升高,均差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),而乳酸值(P=0.486)及PaO2/FiO2(P=0.796)两组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 PICCO在急性心肌梗死合并心源性休克患者的治疗中具有重要的指导作用,有助于早期血流动力学、组织灌注及氧代谢的改善,进而降低了急性心肌梗死合并心源性休克患者的病死率.