A mechanism for gratitude development in a child

Most scholars consider gratitude as a moral emotion, with only few seeing it as a character trait. As a result, no systematic mechanism has ever been attempted to develop gratitude in children. Given the social issue of widespread lack of gratitude in the one-child generations of China, this article attempts to outline a mechanism of parental moral education for gratitude development. The mechanism is underpinned by love, induction and discipline; and theoretically justified in accordance with key psychological and sociological theories, such as Piaget's theory of moral development, Kohlberg's moral stages theory, attachment theory, Hoffman's internalisation theory, Rest's social justice theory and Baumrind's parenting styles theory. The benefits and potential risks of each strategy of the mechanism are addressed.     

中学生父母养育方式与应对方式的关系研究

目的探讨中学生父母养育方式与应对方式的关系。方法本研究采用父母养育方式评价量表和应对方式问卷对上海市两所中学266名中学生进行调查。结果①中学生父母养育方式和应对方式中的解决问题、求助等因子呈显著相关；②父母养育方式中的父母惩罚严厉、过分干涉等因子以及应对方式中的解决问题呈显著性别差异；父母养育方式中的父母惩罚严厉、过分干涉等因子呈显著年级差异；③父母养育方式与应对方式一些因子的相关受性别差异的影响。结论良好的父母教养方式有利于中学生采用积极的应对方式。     

高中一年级学生抑郁情绪及相关因素的研究

目的调查高中一年级学生的抑郁情绪及与其个性、心理健康水平、应对能力和家庭环境的关系。方法采用整群抽样方法和问卷式调查,共调查高一学生488名,资料填写完整者449人(92.01%)。结果449名高一学生SDS平均得分(标准分)为(47.27±10.86),抑郁情绪的发生率为37.86%,不同性别和文理科之间差异无统计学意义。抑郁情绪组性格内向、情绪稳定性差和精神质表现较为突出,其SCL-90的9个因子评分均高于对照组,个人积极应对能力和解决问题的能力差,消极应对和自责表现突出,家庭的亲密度、情感表达、娱乐性和组织性均较对照组差,矛盾性较对照组突出。结论抑郁情绪已是高一学生中较为常见而且需要关注的心理卫生问题,严重影响其心身健康发展,抑郁情绪与个性、心理健康评分、个人应对方式和家庭环境均具有显著关系。     

抑郁障碍患者人格特征与发病关系的研究

目的探讨抑郁障碍患者的人格特征与其疾病发病间的关系。方法采用自评抑郁量表(SDS)、艾森克人格问卷 (EPQ)、应对方式评定量表 (WCRS)和归因方式问卷 (ASQ)对 76名抑郁障碍患者进行测试 ,同时选取 84名健康被试进行对照研究。结果①抑郁组患者在EPQ中神经质 (N)与精神质 (P)的得分显著高于健康组。②WCRS的结果显示在“宣泄接纳”、“退避调节”两个因子上 ,抑郁组的平均得分低于健康组。③在ASQ的得分中 ,抑郁组在负性事件归因的自身性、持久性和整体性均显著高于健康组。④抑郁障碍患者的“神经质”人格特质与应对方式的“宣泄接纳”和“退避调节”因子呈负相关 (r = 0 .474)。结论抑郁障碍患者的人格特征可表现为较强的神经质及孤僻、交往障碍 ,他们这种人格特征及应对和归因方式在其发病过程中起着重要作用。     

A daily process design study of attentional pain control strategies in the self-management of cancer pain.

This study investigated the use of attentional control strategies in the self-management of pain using daily process design methodology. Twenty six cancer patients with pain completed diaries 3 times daily for 10 days. Diaries incorporated measures of pain intensity, affect, coping, coping efficacy, and the novelty and predictability of pain, and participants completed a cross-sectional measure of catastrophizing. At the across-person level, focusing on pain was associated with increased negative affect, and the use of pain focusing strategies was positively correlated with experiencing pain that was novel in its location or quality. Distractions that were interesting, important and pleasant were positively correlated with positive affect, perceptions of control over pain and ability to decrease pain. Over-prediction of pain was positively correlated with catastrophizing, and negatively correlated with perceptions of control over and ability to decrease pain. The within-person analysis (ARIMA modelling) showed that catastrophizing moderated the effects of pain focusing strategies, novel pain and over-predictions of pain. Meta-analysis of the ARIMA models revealed that the within-person effects of using attentional strategies did not generalize across the sample. These findings indicated that the effects of distraction strategies are influenced by their motivational-affective significance rather than the frequency with which they are used, and provided further evidence that the threat value of pain influences the way in which people cope with their pain. Theoretical and clinical implications are discussed.     

Preterm Birth: Implications for Family Stress and Coping

The event of preterm birth represents a significant risk to the equilibrium of the family, often placing the family under significant stress. This paper is intended to assist neonatal nurses in understanding factors related to a family's appraisal of stress and strategies used for coping. Such factors are an important consideration in planning the most effective interventions to support optimal family adaptation to their preterm infant's birth. In identifying the best clinical approaches to supporting a family coping with the event of a preterm birth, nurses need to consider levels of the evidence that supports adoption of clinical intervention strategies. Working to reduce family stress and improve family coping ensures the most optimal home environment for the preterm infant to grow and thrive in after discharge.     

强迫症患者的防御机制、父母教养方式及个性特征的调查分析

目的　探讨强迫症患者的防御机制、父母教养方式及其个性特征。方法　采用防御方式问卷 (DSQ)、父母养育方式评价量表 (EMBU)及艾森克个性问卷 (EPQ)对 36例强迫症患者进行了问卷调查 ,并与 36例正常受试者加以比较。结果　①强迫症组中间型和不成熟防御机制因子分均明显高于正常对照组 (P <0 0 1) ,而成熟防御机制因子分则明显低于正常对照组 (P <0 0 5 ) ;②强迫症组父母的情感温暖因子分低 ,而父母的惩罚、拒绝因子分和母亲的偏爱被试因子分高 ,同正常对照组比较 ,差别均具有显著性或非常显著性意义 (P <0 0 1或P <0 0 5 ) ;③强迫症组EPQ的N因子分明显高于正常对照组 ,而E因子分则明显低于正常对照组 (P <0 0 1)。结论　强迫症患者的防御机制、父母教养方式及个性特征与正常人有着明显的不同 ,它为今后开展分析性心理治疗 ,实施心理干预措施提供了依据。