Coronary Artery Embolism: Two Case Reports and a Review of the Literature

Coronary embolism (CE) is an uncommon and unique cause of acute myocardial infarction. In this report, we review 216 cases of CE including 2 new cases from our institution. The mean patient age was 52.5 years and 62% of the patients were males. Chest pain was the most common presenting symptom followed by dyspnea, and the most commonly affected vessel was the left anterior descending artery. Leading etiologies of the embolus were atrial fibrillation, septic emboli, and iatrogenic causes. Treatment approaches varied with thrombus aspiration being used in 30% of cases. In-hospital mortality rate was 36% and 13% of the cases were complicated by cerebrovascular accident. CE is a unique pathology that leads to acute myocardial infarction. It portends a high mortality rate and requires a high level of suspicion as symptoms may be misleading. Further research is needed in order to improve recognition and management and to lower associated mortality.     

Measurement of kinetic parameters in skeletal muscle by magnetic resonance imaging with an intravascular agent.

The purpose of this work was to investigate the use of an intravascular contrast agent to determine perfusion kinetics in skeletal muscle. A two-compartment kinetic model was used to represent the flux of contrast agent between the intravascular space and extravascular extracellular space (EES). The relationship between the image signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and errors in estimating permeability surface area product (Ktrans), interstitial volume (ve), and plasma volume (vp) for linear and nonlinear curve-fitting methods was estimated from Monte Carlo simulations. Similar results were obtained for both methods. For an image SNR of 60, the estimated errors in these parameters were 10%, 22%, and 17%, respectively. In vivo experiments were conducted in rabbits to examine physiological differences between these parameters in the soleus (SOL) and tibialis anterior (TA) muscles in the hind limb. Values for Ktrans were significantly higher in the SOL (3.2+/-0.9 vs. 2.0+/-0.5x10(-3) min-1), as were values for vp (3.4+/-0.8 vs. 2.1+/-0.7%). Differences in ve for the two muscles (8.7+/-2.2 vs. 8.5+/-1.6%) were not found to be significant. These results demonstrate that relevant physiological metrics can be calculated in skeletal muscle using MRI with an intravascular contrast agent.     

经肝动脉灌注^131 I-HAblSF（ab’）2治疗肝癌合并门静脉癌栓疗效分析

目的探讨经肝动脉灌注^131 I-HAbl8F（ab’）2治疗肝癌合并门脉癌栓的价值。方法8例合并门脉癌栓的晚期肝癌患者行经肝动脉超选择灌注^131 I-HAbl8F（ab＇）2临床治疗性试验，剂量：0．75mCi／kg。分析症状、卡氏评分、肝功能、AFP及肿瘤CT等影像变化，随访近期疗效。结果7例疼痛患者中，3例症状缓解。3例卡氏评分增加、4例稳定。6例AFP异常患者治疗后3例下降。全组病例用药后肝功能损害均无明显加重。1例无明显症状的弥漫型肝癌患者治疗后病灶减少；余7例中，瘤体增大5例、缩小2例，其中，PR2例，临床有效率28．6％。本组1例1年随访时生存。结论经肝动脉灌注0．75mCi／kg ^131 I-HAbl8F（ab＇）2对合并门脉癌栓的肝癌患者肝功影响小，对门脉分支癌栓患者有较好的疗效。     

胶质细胞瘤诊断及介入治疗研究进展

MRI与超声技术在胶质细胞瘤的诊断中不断改进,增强了临床诊断价值.超选择血管内灌注化疗/放疗具有创伤小、局部疗效明显、不良反应较轻等优势,治疗上较重视抑制血管生成,以药物化疗为主,具有广阔应用前景.有待加强对药物作用机制、肿瘤复发机制方面的研究.降低诊断成本,提高新技术的准确性、可靠性,加强超选择血管内灌注与化疗药物配合使用的研究,在今后研究中具有重要意义.     

X线、超声联合导向介入治疗布-加氏综合征

目的:探讨X线、超声联合导向下对布 加氏综合征的介入治疗方法和临床应用价值。方法:本组病人 30例,采用X线和超声联合导向。穿刺下腔静脉闭塞或狭窄部位,经球囊扩张后在X线、超声联合定位置入支架 成形。结果:28例成功,占93%。无严重并发症。术后患者症状明显缓解,下腔静脉压基本恢复正常(治疗前 2.8±0.51kPa,治疗后0.7±0.2kPa)。结论:采用X线、超声联合导向介入治疗布 加氏综合征是一种成功率高、 损伤小、效果可靠的治疗方法。     

Epidural block for obstetrics: Comparison of bolus injection of local anesthetic with gravity flow technique

Study Objective: To test the hypothesis that slow administration of local anesthetic into the epidural space by gravity flow reduces the incidence of signs and symptoms of unintended injection.

Design: Prospective, randomized study.

Setting: Teaching hospital.

Patients: 600 ASA physical status I and II parturients scheduled for labor and delivery or elective cesarean section.

Interventions: After identification of the epidural space with pulsations of an air-fluid column, parturients for vaginal delivery (n = 380) were randomized to receive a test dose of 3 ml 3% 2-chloroprocaine with epinephrine 20 μg, two doses of 7 ml bupivacaine 0.03 % with sufentanil 1 μg/ml and epinephrine 2 μg/ml by either gravity flow (Group 1) given over 30 seconds or by bolus injection (Group 2) given over 5 seconds through the epidural needle; parturients for Cesarean delivery (n = 220) were randomized to receive a test dose and two doses of 6 ml lidocaine 2 % with sufentanil 1 μg/ml and epinephrine 2 μg/ml by either gravity flow or by bolus injection through the epidural needle. Changes in maternal heart rate (HR) and blood pressure, signs of intravascular injection, and adverse effects of epidural bupivacaine-sufentanil were recorded after each dose.

Measurements and Main Results: Gravity flow administration (Group 1) was associated with a smaller increase in mean maternal HR (p < 0.001), less hypotension (p < 0.01), sedation (p < 0.01), nausea (p = 0.01), and segmental spread (p < 0.0001) than were corresponding doses given by traditional bolus injection (Group 1) for vaginal or Cesarean deliveries. The incidence of systemic toxicity was zero of 300 (0%) with gravity flow and 4 of 300 (1.3%) by bolus injection, p = 0.12, Fisher's exact test. No patient in either group had an accidental intrathecal injection.

Conclusion: Gravity flow administration of local anesthetic-opioid solution during epidural block for obstetrics was associated with fewer signs of systemic drug absorption and cardiovascular perturbations than was the traditional bolus injection. This study supports the current opinion that slow administration of local anesthetic during epidural black contributes to fewer adverse events.     

肾细胞癌伴静脉癌栓15例临床分析

１９８５～１９９４年治疗肾细胞癌伴静脉癌栓１５例。按癌栓水平分为肾型１０例，肝下型４例，肝上型１例。Ｂ超和ＣＴ检查总确诊率７３％。手术１４例均完整取出癌栓，术后１３例接受５－ＦＵ加ＭＭＣ方案化疗。随访３个月～５年，１例肝下型和２例肾型无瘤存活分别３６、４３、５２个月，余均在术后２年内死亡。认为Ｂ超与ＣＴ互补应用可基本确诊静脉癌栓，除肝上型和已有血管壁浸润者外大部分癌栓可采用松解游离同时渐渐拉出的方式取出，癌栓水平除肝上型外对预后影响不大。