Regional patterns of bone loss and altered bone remodeling in response to calcium deprivation in laboratory rabbits

Summary This study explores the effects of a calcium-deficient diet on patterns of bone remodeling, and examines regional differences in the amount of bone lost. Skeletally mature female rabbits (n=6) were fed a calcium-deficient diet (0.10% Ca²⁺ and 0.50% P) for 14 weeks. A separate group of rabbits (n=4) were fed a maintenance diet (1.2% Ca²⁺ and 0.45% P). Bone mineral content, serum calcium, and serum phosphorus were measured each week during the experimental period. Following sacrifice, the L₃ vetebra, femoral head, proximal tibial metaphysis, and tibial midshaft were analyzed histomorphometrically. Rabbits had 20% less vertebral bone after only 14 weeks of a calcium-deficient diet. As in human postmenopausal osteoporosis, bone loss in calcium-deficient rabbits occurs in the trabecular bone of the lumbar spine before that in the trabecular bone of the lower extremity. Calcium-deficient diets alone do not lead to increased osteoid volume or thickness. Because bone loss is relatively rapid and because the pattern of loss is similar in some respects to that found in humans, adult rabbits may provide an attractive model of calcium deficiency osteoporosis in a skeletally mature mammal in which remodeling is predominant over modeling.     

Cellular and Molecular Foundation for Fracture Healing in Children

Abstract Dealing with pediatric fracture patients requires a funded knowledge of complications and remodeling capability of the youth skeleton to find the accurate therapy decision and to avoid unnecessary invasive procedures. Due to the different mechanical environment, fractures in children occur at specific fracture-vulnerable areas. One of those is the growth plate, which on one hand gives rise to the unique ability of correcting angular deformities by specifically increasing the growth rate in definite regions, and on the other hand leads to complications like growth arrest or angular deformity. The pediatric diaphysis presents the exclusive greenstick fracture, only seen in the growing skeleton, which occurs because of the different composition of the pediatric bone. To understand these very specific features of the youth skeleton, the molecular and cellular basis should be taken into consideration. Therefore, this review will present the common characteristics of skeletal development and fracture healing. An insight into the mechanotransduction as part of the remodeling and self-correcting ability of pediatric bone is given to span the bridge between clinical treatment options and scientific background.     

氯沙坦调节两肾一夹型高血压大鼠血管重塑及其与细胞外信号调节激酶1/2的关系

为探讨特异性血管紧张素Ⅱ受体 1阻断剂氯沙坦调节高血压血管重塑与细胞外信号调节激酶的关系 ,本文采用两肾一夹型高血压大鼠为动物模型 ,术后第 2、4、6周测血压 ,6周后处死大鼠称心脏重量 ,取胸主动脉和肠系膜动脉作形态学观察和计算机图像分析 ,免疫印迹方法检测主动脉中磷酸化细胞外信号调节激酶及总细胞外信号调节激酶的表达。结果发现 ,与假手术对照组相比 ,模型组大鼠血压和心脏与体重之比分别增加 5 0 %和 48%(P均 <0 .0 1) ,主动脉和肠系膜动脉的内径与中膜厚度之比明显减少 (分别为 7.10± 0 .5 9比 9.2 4± 1.17,6.0 0± 0 .89比 8.96± 1.2 3 ) ,中膜厚度明显增加 (分别为 119.47± 10 .77μm比 91.5 5± 14.45 μm ,49.60± 1.0 4μm比 3 7.0 1± 4.85 μm ,P均 <0 .0 5 ) ,主动脉中磷酸化细胞外信号调节激酶的表达显著增强 ;氯沙坦治疗后 ,血压、心脏与体重之比分别下降到 13 2± 9mmHg、0 .3 2± 0 .0 3 (P均 <0 .0 5 ) ,主动脉和肠系膜动脉的内径与中膜厚度之比明显增加 ,中膜厚度明显减小 ,并下调主动脉中磷酸化细胞外信号调节激酶的表达。提示氯沙坦可明显改善两肾一夹型高血压大鼠的血管重塑 ,这种调节可能是通过细胞外信号调节激酶信号途经发挥作用的     

On the significance of remodeling space and activation rate changes in bone remodeling

This paper quantifies the relative contributions of the remodeling space and the accumulation of Haversian canals to bone porosity at various ages. It also examines the importance of variations in the rate of bone remodeling that occur during growth and aging, and as a result of trauma and disease. The dependence of the remodeling space (cavities due to resorbing, reversing, and refilling BMUs) and the Haversian canal components of porosity on the Basic Multicellular Unit (BMU) activation frequency are mathematically formulated. A graph is developed using data for the cortex of the human rib which shows the extent to which porosity is primarily due to the remodeling space in children, and to accumulated Haversian canals in adults. It is shown that the diminution of activation frequency between birth and age 35 contributes to the concurrent increase in bone volume fraction, and the increase in activation frequency after age 35 contributes to the subsequent decline of bone volume fraction. An equation is derived for determining the time rate of change of activation frequency using two fluorochrome labels.     

美托洛尔对心肌梗死兔自主神经重构的影响

目的探讨β受体阻滞剂美托洛尔治疗对心肌梗死后心脏自主神经重构的改善作用。方法通过结扎新西兰大白兔冠状动脉前降支制作心肌梗死模型,随机分成心肌梗死 美托洛尔组[(10mg/(kg·d),治疗组)、心肌梗死组(模型组)和假手术组。8周后所有成活兔均进行统一的电生理检查,诱发室性心律失常。并处死实验动物,取心肌采用免疫组织化学的方法观察心室神经纤维的形态、密度及生长活性。结果模型组室性心律失常诱发率明显高于假手术组(58.3%比16.7%,P<0.001),而美托洛尔治疗后其诱发率降至8.3%。模型组梗死灶周S100及GAP43阳性神经纤维密度分别达到3889±521μm2/mm2和3090±622μm2/mm2,明显高于假手术组(1727±304μm2/mm2和718±177μm2/mm2;P均<0.01),且神经纤维空间分布紊乱;而治疗组梗死灶周S100及GAP43阳性神经纤维密度降至2725±283μm2/mm2和1922±508μm2/mm2,与模型组比差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),且神经形态及分布更类似于假手术组,非梗死左心室游离壁心肌梗死后密度上调的S100及GAP43阳性神经纤维经美托洛尔治疗后也明显下降(P<0.05)。结论美托洛尔可改善心肌梗死动物模型的神经重构,从而可能预防心肌梗死后室性心律失常的发生。     

卡托普利对血管成形术后再狭窄作用的实验研究

目的探讨卡托普利对血管成形术后再狭窄的干预作用。方法SD雄性大鼠60只,分单损组、干预组和对照组。单损组采用改良导丝法制作大鼠颈动脉再狭窄模型。干预组将卡托普利研磨成粉状,生理盐水稀释配制成5mg/ml溶液,分别于制模前6 d开始按10 mg/(kg.d)剂量经灌胃针给予大鼠至术后各时间点。对侧颈总动脉作为假手术对照组。每组各时间点6只大鼠,于制模后1天、4天、7天、14天及28天原位灌注固定取材。根据HE染色标本情况,选血管形态结构完整的50个标本,进行HE染色,采用病理图像分析系统染色片进行形态计量分析。结果损伤后从第7天起新生内膜厚度和面积逐渐增加,到28天达峰值;与单损组比较,干预组血管壁三层厚度无显著差别,干预组第14、28天新生内膜面积显著减低。狭窄率于血管损伤后逐渐增加,到28天达峰值,与单损组比较,干预组在14天和28天狭窄率明显变小,各时间点内弹力板面积、外弹力板面积及重塑指数两组之间无显著差别。结论卡托普利减小大鼠颈动脉损伤后新生内膜面积及狭窄率,抑制新生内膜形成,但不改变内、外弹力板面积及重塑指数,不影响血管收缩性重塑。     

血管平滑肌细胞凋亡及Bcl-2和Bax蛋白表达在自发性高血压大鼠颈动脉血管间质胶原重构及逆转中的意义

目的　探讨血管平滑肌细胞及Bcl 2和Bax蛋白表达在自发性高血压大鼠 (SHR)颈动脉血管间质胶原重构及逆转中的意义。方法　选择 16周龄雄性SHR各 12只分别为厄贝沙坦组 (30mg·kg- 1·d- 1 )和非厄贝沙坦组 ,另选同龄雄性Wistar大鼠 12只为正常对照组 ;颈总动脉切片采用HE染色、苦味酸一天狼星红 (PSR)染色、免疫组化法染色和末端脱氧核苷酸转移酶介导dUIP缺口末端标记法分别检测颈动脉壁厚 腔径比值、胶原面积百分比、Bcl 2和Bax蛋白表达和血管平滑肌细胞 (VSMC)凋亡率(APOI)。结果　非厄贝沙坦组颈动脉壁厚 腔径比值较正常对照组高 2 5 0 .11%± 15 .6 3% (P <0 .0 1) ,厄贝沙坦组治疗 2 0周后 ,较非厄贝沙坦组下降了 4 3.2 4 %± 8.6 2 % (P <0 .0 1) ;非厄贝沙坦组胶原面积百分比较正常对照组SBP高 2 0 1.6 7%± 16 .73% (P <0 .0 1) ,厄贝沙坦组治疗 2 0周后 ,较非厄贝沙坦组仅仅下降了 17.70 %± 6 .4 5 % (P <0 .0 1) ;非厄贝沙坦组的VSMC率APOI较正常对照组显著增高 ,经药物治疗后下降 ;非厄贝沙坦组的VSMCBcl 2蛋白表达阳性率明显高于正常对照组 ,用厄贝沙坦治疗后 ,VSMCBcl 2阳性率较非厄贝沙坦组明显减少 ;非厄贝沙坦组和正常对照组的VSMCBax蛋白表达阳性率无明显差别 ,用厄贝沙坦治疗后 ,VS     

面下1/3骨骼轮廓结构整形的术前设计

目的 探讨面下1/3轮廓整形中进行骨骼位置移动的术前设计。方法 术前设计方法包括面弓转移、头影测量、模型外科设计等步骤。结果 通过完善的术前设计和分步骤治疗，142例面部畸形患者获得较好的矫治。结论 ①面弓转移过程中中线的确定对于手术效果影响非常重要，不对称畸形患者的中线确定要考虑后续手术的难易与可能性；②骨骼的三维移动和旋转直接改变面型，同样的截骨部位，不同的移动产生不同效果。     

Bone marrow fat content in relation to bone remodeling and serum chemistry in intact and ovariectomized dogs

Summary It was previously shown that 11 months after ovariectomy the volume fraction of trabecular bone in the spine and 11th rib medullary canal of Beagle dogs (6 control, 9 ovariectomized) was significantly reduced. In this paper it is shown that these changes are accompanied by increased marrow fat volume in the 11th rib (59.0±9.5% vs. 44.3 ±10.0%). Conversely, the volume fraction of functional (hematopoietic) cells in the marrow was reduced by ovariectomy. Additionally, variations in marrow fat volume were tested for correlation with 22 other variables pertinent to bone physiology. Marrow fat volume was significantly positively correlated with serum osteocalcin, rib trabecular bone porosity, rib cross-sectional area, and gains in body weight. It was negatively correlated with serum estrogen concentrations and the extent of rib trabecular surfaces labeled with tetracycline.