Assessment of bioequivalence after subcutaneous and intramuscular administration of urinary gonadotrophins

The objective was to demonstrate bioequivalence between s.c. and i.m. administration of Humegon (FSH/LH ratio 1:1) and Normegon (FSH/LH ratio 3:1). In two randomized, single-centre, cross-over studies, 18 healthy volunteers on each formulation were assigned to one of the two administration sequences. Subjects were given single doses of one of the above gonadotrophins after endogenous gonadotrophin production had first been suppressed using high-dose oral contraceptive. Subsequently, rate (Cmax, tmax) and extent (AUC) of absorption of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) were determined for 14 days. For Cmax and AUC, analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed on log-transformed data and for tmax ANOVA was performed on ranks. Intramuscular and s.c. injections of Humegon were bioequivalent with respect to the main pharmacokinetic parameters, being AUC and Cmax of FSH absorption. Intramuscular and s.c. injections of Normegon were bioequivalent with respect to the AUC of FSH and not bioequivalent with respect to the Cmax of FSH. For tmax of FSH as well as for most LH variables of both preparations, bioequivalence could not be proven due to the high intra- and interindividual variability and/or concentrations being close to the detection limit. Thus, the main pharmacokinetic FSH variables after i.m. and s.c. administration of Humegon and Normegon were bioequivalent.      

传染性肺结核患者家庭中儿童结核感染发病及预防的研究

目的　分析传染性肺结核患者家庭中的儿童结核感染和发病情况 ,探讨预防儿童发病的有效方案。方法　对与传染性肺结核患者密切接触的儿童进行X线胸透和做结核菌素试验 ;对结核菌素强阳性者给予预防性治疗。结果　与传染性肺结核患者密切接触的儿童感染率为 88 2 %。规则预防治疗组、不规则预防治疗组和不接受预防治疗组的患病率分别为 :8 3%、4 7 6 %、5 8 8%。结论　与传染性肺结核患者密切接触的儿童属于高危人群 ,给予预防性治疗可减少发病。     

The antioxidant and neuroprotective effects of the Psychotria camptopus Verd. Hook. (Rubiaceae) stem bark methanol extract contributes to its antiepileptogenic activity against pentylenetetrazol kindling in male Wistar rats

A substantial number of epileptic patients are resistant to the current medication thus necessitating the search for alternative therapies for intractable forms of the disease. Previous studies demonstrated the acute anticonvulsant properties of the methanol extract of the stem bark of Psychotria camptopus (MEPC) in rats. This study investigated the effects of MEPC on pentylenetetrazole-kindled Wistar rats. Kindling was induced by intraperitoneal injection of pentylenetetrazole (37.5 mg/kg) on every alternate day, 1 h after each daily oral pretreatment of rats (8?≤?n?≤?10) with MEPC (40, 80 and 120 mg/kg), vehicle or diazepam (3 mg/kg) for 43 days. The kindling development was monitored based on seizure episodes and severity. Rats’ brains were collected on day 43 for the determination of oxidative stress parameters. The histomorphological features and neuronal cell viability of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus were also assessed using H&E and Cresyl violet stains. Chronic administration of pentylenetetrazole time-dependently decreased the latency to myoclonic and generalized seizures, and increased seizure scores and the number of kindled rats. MEPC and diazepam significantly increased the latencies to myoclonic jerks and generalized tonic-clonic seizures. These substances also reduced seizure score and the number of rats with PTZ-kindling. MEPC improved glutathione status and decreased lipid peroxidation in the brains of kindled rats. MEPC also exhibited neuroprotection against pentylenetetrazole-induced hippocampal and PFC neuronal damages. These results suggest that P. camptopus has antiepileptogenic activity, which might be related to the augmentation of antioxidant and neuroprotective defense mechanisms, and further confirm its usefulness in the management of epilepsy.

     

延边地区肺结核病人归口转诊模式的探讨

目的　分析延边地区建立肺结核归口转诊模式对肺结核病人的转诊到位率的影响,探讨提高转诊到位率的方法。方法 对全州8个县(市)医院、中医医院、中心卫生院、大型厂矿企事业单位职工医院的执法检查考核资料进行评价。结果 1.建立归口转诊模式前期转诊率为48.3%,转诊到位率为29.0%,后期转诊率为89.0%,转诊到位率为72.4%,有明显提高;2.前期年平均涂阳病人新登记率为13.36/10万,后期为17.86/10万,实施归口转诊模式前期与实施后期的指标有显著性差异(P<0.01)。结论 延边地区实施的肺结核病人归口转诊模式,对提高肺结核病的转诊到位率十分有效,应不断完善并深入推广。     

复治肺结核病人的成因分析

目的　探讨复治肺结核病人形成原因。方法　使用调查表的方法 ,对前来诊治的复治涂阳肺结核病人的首次诊疗 ,管理情况进行问卷调查。结果　综合医院仍然为大多数患者的首次诊疗单位 ,因此部分肺结核患者未能得到正确的诊断、治疗和化疗管理。导致 67.2 %病人“中断”或“间断”治疗 ;另外结核病健康教育宣传做得不够 ,60 .3 %的患者诊断前未接受过防痨宣教 ,3 4.5 %的患者接受初次化疗时仍未得到宣教。这些均在导致复治病人的产生中起了重要作用。结论　加大DOTS覆盖面 ,加强归口管理力度 ,做好防治结核病教育工作是防止复治肺结核病人产生的重要环节。     

Analgesic properties of the aqueous and ethanol extracts of the leaves of Kalanchoe crenata (Crassulaceae)

The aqueous and ethanol extracts of the dry leaves of Kalanchoe crenata (300 and 600 mg/kg) were evaluated for their analgesic properties on the pain induced by acetic acid, formalin and heat in mice and by pressure on rats. The ethanol extract of K. crenata at a dose of 600 mg/kg produced an inhibition of 61.13% on pain induced by acetic acid and 50.13% for that induced by formalin. An inhibition of 67.18% was observed on pain induced by heat 45 min after the administration of the extract. The aqueous extract administered at a dose of 600 mg/kg produced a maximum effect of 25% on pain induced by pressure. These activities were similar to those produced by a paracetamol-codeine association, while indomethacin exhibited a protective effect only against the writhing test. Our results suggest that the leaves of K. crenata could be a source of analgesic compounds.     

Anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of the stem bark extract of Mitragyna ciliata (Rubiaceae) Aubrév. & Pellegr

Mitragyna ciliata is widely used in traditional medicine for the treatment of inflammation, hypertension, headache, rheumatism, gonorrhoea and broncho-pulmonary diseases. In the present study, the anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of the stem bark extract of M. ciliata were investigated. The stem bark of this plant was extracted over Soxhlet with hexane followed by another extraction with methanol. The resulting methanol extract was used for the pharmacological test. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated on the basis of the inhibitory effect of the extract on 5-lipoxygenase, and carrageenin-induced hind paw oedema in the rat. The methanol extract, at a dose of 19.2 microg/ml, exhibited no inhibition on 5-lipoxygenase. However, this extract administered per os (50 mg/kg) produced about 70% inhibition of carrageenin-induced paw oedema 1 h after administration. This inhibition was maintained to about 50% 2 h after administration. The dose of 50 mg/kg of MeOH extract significantly decreased sensitivity to pain from 78.75 to 107.5 g These findings suggest that extracts of the bark of M. ciliata, possess potent anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. Chemical analysis of the extract showed the presence of alkaloids and kaempferol derivative which may be responsible for the anti-inflammatory properties.