现代检验诊断新技术(六)什么是"肿瘤标志物"

肿瘤是危害人们健康的重要疾患,医疗技术的进步仅能征服少数早期发现的肿瘤,对绝大多数进展期或晚期肿瘤仍然束手无策。因此,人们谈癌变色,无不对之恐惧万分。 长期的医疗实践证明,越是早期发现的肿瘤,治疗效果越好,治疗手段也多。但是,目前通过核磁共振、CT、X线显影或在内镜直视下发现的肿瘤均已长成一定的肿块,尚达不到早期发现。怎样在正常细胞发生癌变时就能发现,一直是肿瘤学家和临床医学研究所追求的目标。     

心力衰竭的生物标志物

心力衰竭是老年人死亡的重要原因，65岁人群中的发病率为10％。心衰的诊断一直缺乏客观的指标。近年的研究表明，心室分泌的B型尿钠肽，包括BNP和NT—pro—BNP与左心衰竭有密切关系，它们可对心衰的诊断，预后及治疗监测提供客观可靠的指标：也可预测心肌梗死后发生的心衰和死亡。作用于细胞膜钠泵的地高辛样免疫反应因子和奥巴因样因子也有望成为心衰的新标志物。多种细胞因子参与了心衰的病理生理过程，其中肿瘤坏死因子及其可溶性受体，白介素6与心衰的关系最为密切。本文对上述物质进行综述，也涉及其他与心衰有关的体内成分。     

支架及无支架条件下构建组织工程软骨的研究进展

支架材料的研究是组织工程的研究热点之一,软骨细胞复合培养给组织工程软骨的构建带来希望,单一的材料诸如胶原、透明质酸、壳聚糖、纤维蛋白凝胶等已经证明可以与软骨细胞复合培养,两种或者多种材料复合可以提高材料的性能,更好地用于组织工程软骨的构建,并满足软骨缺损修复的需要;同样,在无支架情况下应用软骨细胞聚集培养、沉淀培养的方法,可以构建组织工程软骨,并给软骨缺损的修复带来新希望,但目前的研究较少。两者是组织工程软骨构建的两个主要方向。     

现代检验诊断新技术(三十五)人体止血功能的检验

人体的止血功能十分重要。当意外地受伤流血时,止血功能迅发挥作用,使血液凝固堵住伤口止血,避免血液大量丢失。当患需要手术时,医师必须事先了解者的止血功能,如止血功能不健,术中可能会大出血以至发生手意外甚至患者死亡。像拔牙这样小手术,也不少出现意外。所以,术前的止血功能检查是必需的。要了解止血功能检查,先要了血液是怎样凝固的。正常的血液循环系统使血液顺畅地循环全,不会发生血液凝固。当有创伤血时,血液中的血小板接触到破的粗糙界面和破伤处的组织液会被活化,释放出多种促凝固因,进一步使血液中各种凝血因子化(血液中含有13…     

Effect of electro-acupuncture combined with early rehabilitation on motor function and expressions of CD11b/CD18 and tumor necrosis factor-α in patients with acute cerebral infarction

Objective To observe the effect of electro-acupuncture combined with early rehabilitation on the motor function and expressions of the adhesion molecules CD11b and CD18 in the polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN) and monocytes and serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels in patients with acute cerebral infarction (ACI). Methods A total of 165 ACI patients were randomly divided into control group (group A, n=50), conventional rehabilitation group (group B, n=50) and comprehensive rehabilitation group (group C, n=65). The expressions of CD11b and CD18 in the PMN and monocytes and serum TNF-α levels were determined before and at 1, 2, and 4 weeks after the treatment. Thirty-two healthy subjects were also recruited as the normal control group (group N). The neurological function of the subjects was evaluated by modified Edinburgh-Scandinavia stroke scale (MESSS) and Fugi-Meyer Assessment (FMA), and their activity of daily living (ADL) was assessed using Barthel index (BI). Results The CD11b/CD18 expression in the PMN and MN and serum TNF-α level in groups A, B and C were significantly higher than those in group N before and 1 week after the treatment (P<0.05). CD11b/CD18 expression and serum TNF-α level were significantly lower in groups B and C than in the group A at 1 week after the treatment, and significantly lower in group C than in group B (P<0.05). At 2 weeks of treatment, CD11b/CD18 and TNF-α were significantly lower in groups B and C than in the group A, being the lowest in group C (P<0.05). The scores of mESSS in both groups B and C were lower than that in group A, and the scores were lower in group C than in group B. Group C showed higher FMA scores than group B, both having higher scores than group A. At 4 weeks of treatment, the mESSS scores were significantly lower, hut the FMA and ADL score significantly higher in groups B and C than in the control group (P<0.05), and the differences were more obvious in group C. Groups B and C had greater effective rate than group A (P<0.05), and the rate was the highest in group C (P<0.05). Conclusion Electro-acupuncture combined with early rehabilitation promotes the recovery of motor function in ACI patients probably by regulating the expressions of the adhesion molecules CD11b and CD18 on the PMN and monocytes and the serum levels of TNF-α.     

风湿病患者T细胞亚群及细胞免疫状态

经检查176例(男52,女124)明确诊断的风湿病患者的 T 细胞亚群,结合多项细胞免疫指标分析,发现此类患者的 CD_8、CD_4、CD_3细胞均有不同程度的减低,以 CD_8细胞减低最为明显。同时有 B 细胞的升高、大颗粒淋巴细胞的减低和淋巴细胞转化率的减低。此种表现以自身免疫性疾患最为明显。这表明,CD_8细胞的数量减少和功能减低是此类患者免疫调控紊乱的重要环节。     

现代检验诊断新技术(九)甲状腺功能试验

甲状腺位于颈下两侧。它合成和分泌甲状腺素,它的滤泡旁细胞(C细胞)分泌降钙素。甲状腺素的重要功能是控制人体代谢速度,对人体内大多数物质的代谢都有调节作用,可以说它是人体代谢的调控器。     

现代检验诊断新技术(十三)男性不育的精液检查

男女婚后不育的原因极其复杂.单就男性方面的原因来说,据世界卫生组织的调查统计,由于精索静脉曲张的原因占12.1%,这很容易通过手术来解决.性腺或泌尿系感染者占6.6%,可通过抗感染治疗解决.有些异常却不容易解决,如原发性或特发性睾丸功能障碍占10.7%,生精或精液异常者占14.5%,免疫功能异常者占2.9%,性功能异常者占1.9%,内分泌失调者占0.6%,全身性疾病而影响生育者占1.9%,这些问题治疗起来均比较困难.     

现代检验诊断新技术(十五)老年性痴呆的检验诊断

近年来,国内外专家用先进的仪器和技术,在老年性痴呆(阿尔茨海默病,Alzheimer’s病,AD)患者的脑脊液中发现AD病的特异性成分,检验这些成分对AD病的诊断可更加客观和可靠。     

反向胶乳凝集法检测血清中肌红蛋白

肌红蛋白(Mb)是骨骼肌与心肌细胞内一种含铁蛋白,分子量小(约17800),当肌细胞受损时,Mb 释放入血,并经肾排出.检测血清中Mb 是诊断急性心肌损伤的重要指标.检测方法常用RIA 法和ELISA 法,需时较长,不适于急诊应用.我们将Mb