低氧训练对下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺皮质轴内分泌相关激素的影响

目的:总结低氧训练对下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺皮质轴内分泌相关激素的影响,为科学运动训练提供依据。资料来源:应用计算机检索中国期刊全文数据库1994-01/2006-10的相关文章,检索词"低氧,低氧训练,下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺,激素",并限定文章语言种类为中文。并应用计算机检索美国国立医学图书馆NCBI1980-01/2006-10的相关文章,检索词"Hypoxic Training,organism endocrine system,hormone",并限定文章语言种类为English。资料选择:对资料进行初审,选取低氧训练与下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺分泌的相关激素有关的文献,并作初步分类,同类文献首选近年发表的核心期刊文章。排除重复及综述类文献。资料提炼:共收集到95篇相关文章,其中56篇属于重复及综述类文献,对符合标准38篇文献进行分析整理。资料综合:①高海拔状态下机体对低氧产生应激反应,表现为下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺皮质轴的适应性运转,血中促肾上腺皮质激素浓度增加,以调节机体对应激刺激的适应能力,同时使促肾上腺皮质激素释放因子分泌增加。②高原训练后,睾酮和皮质醇的变化都较明显,其总体变化均趋于降低,睾酮/皮质醇值有升有降,从一定意义上反映了机体的机能状况与疲劳积累程度。③低氧还引起大鼠血浆β-内啡肽浓度升高,可使心房钠尿素增加、前列腺素增加、血管内皮素分泌增加及抑制血管内皮舒张因子的分泌。结论:激素对机体的新陈代谢、生长发育、各种功能活动以及维持内环境稳态等方面发挥重要的调节作用,低氧训练对机体激素的影响一直应该受到人们的关注。     

JMH variants: serologic, clinical, and biochemical analyses in two cases

BACKGROUND: JMH is a high-frequency red cell blood group antigen that resides on a 76- to 80-kDa glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked protein also known as CDw108. Antibodies with JMH specificity are often autoimmune and are usually, if not always, clinically benign. Some individuals with JMH-variant antigen produce alloantibodies to JMH, but little evidence concerning their clinical significance is available. This article reports on two patients who express a JMH-variant antigen and produced alloanti-JMH. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Murine monoclonal antibodies and human antibodies to JMH were used in hemagglutination, radioimmunoassay, and Western blot testing of red cells from two JMH- variant patients; antiserum from one of these patients was also used in biochemical studies. In addition, in vivo survival of JMH-positive red cells was studied in the same patient. RESULTS: Biochemically, both examples of red cells with the JMH-variant phenotype expressed a JMH protein with a molecular weight similar to that of the normal JMH protein. For both patients, family studies suggested an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance. Survival study demonstrated reduced in vivo red cell survival in one patient. CONCLUSION: JMH-variant phenotypes express a protein of normal molecular weight and are inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. Furthermore, individuals with this phenotype can produce clinically significant antibodies.     

Graduate entrants into nursing - are we meeting their needs?

Changes to statutory requirements led to the need to redesign the current shortened programme for graduates (SPG) offered by the University of Dundee. A review of the literature revealed very little published material relating to this type of programme and that which did exist was predominantly American in origin. Prior to developing a new programme a study was carried out. The aim of the study was to explore the attitudes and opinions of non-nurse graduates currently undertaking the accelerated pre-registration programme of study offered by the University of Dundee. DESIGN: Purposive sampling was adopted and all students currently undertaking the programme were invited to participate. Data were collected using three focus group interviews with a minimum of five and a maximum of seven participants. All interviews were tape-recorded. The tapes were transcribed and data analysed using a content analysis approach. FINDINGS: Several important themes and sub-themes emerged from the interviews. These were consistent across all groups. The themes were: DISCUSSION: The data offered a rich insight into the attitudes and opinions of students undertaking the current SPG. The findings supported those of previous studies and have been used to inform curriculum development.     

In vitro changes in platelet function and metabolism following increasing doses of ultraviolet-B irradiation

Ultraviolet-B (UV-B) irradiation of platelet concentrates (PCs) may prevent the development of posttransfusion HLA alloimmunization. This study evaluated the effect of increasing doses of UV-B radiation on stored PCs. Pooled PCs were irradiated at UV-B doses of 600, 2400 or 10,000 mJ per cm2 and stored up to 96 hours under standard blood bank conditions. Compared to nonirradiated room-temperature and 37 degrees C controls, the irradiated units showed no significant changes in platelet count, white cell count, discharge of lactate dehydrogenase, release of beta-thromboglobulin, metabolism of ATP, ADP, ammonia, glutamine, glutamate, hypoxanthine, pCO2, or pO2 at any time of storage following any of the three UV-B doses. However, after a dose of 10,000 mJ per cm2, there were significant decreases in in vitro assays of platelet function-specifically, osmotic recovery and morphology score. Some metabolic systems were also affected by the 10,000 mJ per cm2 radiation dose, as shown by a decline in pH and bicarbonate and an increase in glucose consumption and lactate production (p < 0.05). The changes in these latter assays appeared only after 96 hours of postirradiation storage. Such changes were not seen in either the room- temperature or 37 degrees C control groups. Thus, heat generated during irradiation, per se, did not appear responsible for the observed in vitro changes in platelet function and metabolism. On the basis of the assays analyzed, it is concluded that UV-B irradiation of PCs at doses up to 10,000 mJ per cm2 does not induce significant metabolic or functional derangements following short-term storage (24-48 hours).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease in immunocompetent patients: report of a fatal case associated with transfusion of blood from a second-degree relative, and a survey of predisposing factors

A patient without evident immune deficiency who received a transfusion of blood from a second-degree family member developed fatal transfusion- associated graft-versus-host disease (TA-GVHD). The donor was homozygous for an HLA haplotype for which the recipient was heterozygous (one-way HLA match). All 39 reported cases of TA-GVHD in immunocompetent patients were reviewed to ascertain the predisposing factors and to define the indications for irradiating blood for this population. HLA typing was described in 15 cases; in 13, including seven related and six unrelated donors, a one-way HLA match was present. Thirty-one (79%) of the 39 cases were reported from Japan (and 196 other cases are cited in the Japanese literature), but a one-way HLA match among unrelated donors at HLA-A, -B, -DR loci is only approximately two to four times more likely in Japanese persons than in whites. Fresh blood (< 96 hours old) was used in 29 (94%) of the 31 cases reported from Japan and in 33 (87%) of 38 cases overall (in one case, the age of the blood used was not reported). Thus, factors that appear to predispose to TA-GVHD in immunocompetent patients are a one- way HLA match, fresh blood, and, possibly, Japanese ancestry. Irradiating cellular blood components from all blood relatives of transfusion recipients will not completely eliminate the risk of TA- GVHD.     

Kidney transplants in mice. An analysis of the immune status of mice bearing long-term, H-2 incompatible transplants

Kidney transplants between strains of mice which are incompatible at either the K or the D end of the H-2 complex usually function for prolonged periods supporting the lives of nephrectomized recipients. This occurs with no recipient treatment. With multiple H-2 and non-H-2 determined incompatibilities, transplants may be rejected but more slowly than skin grafts. In the strain combination studied most extensively in these experiments (B10.D2 to B6AF(1)) in which the incompatibility was confined to the K end of the H-2 region, about 70 percent of recipients survived for many weeks with normal blood urea nitrogen levels. Skin grafts between untreated members of these strains were rejected promptly (mean survival time of 13.5 +/- 1.1 days) as were kidney transplants to recipients of prior skin grafts. Donor strain skin grafts to recipients of kidney transplants after kidney transplantation enjoyed greatly prolonged survival whereas skin grafts from a third party (A.SW) were rejected normally. If kidney tissue was transferred in the form of free grafts without primary vascular union, it was rejected promptly leaving its recipient highly immunized. Cellular and humoral immunity to donor antigens declined over the first few weeks after transplantation, and the spleens of long-term recipients contained no “killer cells.” Recipient lymphoid cells could mount active graft versus host reactions to donor strain antigens on transfer to neonatal mice. Nevertheless, they were distinctly less able to respond specifically by the production of killer cells to donor strain antigens after sensitization in vitro. No evidence that this defect was associated with the presence of suppressor cells was forthcoming from several types of in vivo and in vitro tests.     

Blood preservation. XXXIV. DHA maintains 2,3-DPG and its adverse effect on ATP is reversed with extra phosphate

We have found that the addition of 10 mM inorganic phosphate to DHA in CPD-adenine maintains ATP levels at normal or higher than normal values for six weeks of storage. 2,3-DPG values are slightly lowered by the extra phosphate, but are still maintained at approximately half normal for four weeks by the DHA. The addition of a higher phosphate concentration, 20 mM, to DHA produced lower levels of ATP and 2,3-DPG than those observed with 10 mM phosphate, although both levels were better than in the CPD-adenine control. pH values in this experiment were lowest in the three preservatives containing DHA, probably indicating increased lactate production due to metabolism of this triose sugar, in addition to dextrose present in CPD.