In vitro activities of doripenem and comparator agents against 364 anaerobic clinical isolates

The in vitro activities of doripenem against 364 anaerobic isolates were measured and compared to those of ertapenem, imipenem, meropenem, ceftriaxone, and levofloxacin. All of the carbapenems were active against nearly all Bacteroides fragilis group isolates. Doripenem was either comparable to or slightly less active than imipenem and meropenem against most isolates but more active than the other penems against Clostridium difficile. Doripenem appears to have excellent activity against a broad range of anaerobes.     

Pathogenesis of neuroimmunologic diseases

Animal models of autoimmune diseases have greatly improved our current understanding of the pathogenesis of human autoimmunity and have provided the potential for therapies based on manipulation of the immune system. In our laboratory, we have investigated the immunopathogenesis of autoimmune diseases of the nervous system and muscle. We have developed immune-based approaches for the suppression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model for multiple sclerosis (MS), and experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN), a model for the Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). These approaches included induction of peripheral tolerance, immunotoxin targeting of activated T cells, and cytokine manipulations. In addition, we identified the antigen and characterized immunopathologically an autoimmune inflammatory disease of skeletal muscle, experimental autoimmune myositis (EAM), a model for the human inflammatory muscle disease polymyositis.     

‘Everything’s neatly tucked away’: young women’s views on desirable vulval anatomy

In the context of rapidly increasing requests for female genital cosmetic surgery (FGCS) and a lack of published research in this area, we explored young women’s knowledge of vulval anatomy and sources of anatomical information. We conducted 21 semi-structured interviews with young women aged 18–28 years at an Australian tertiary institution. Interviews explored participants’ knowledge of ‘normal’ and ‘ideal’ genital anatomy and how these perceptions were formed. Interviews were recorded, transcribed and analysis identified 6 major themes and 30 sub-themes. We found that many women were unsure what constitutes normal genital anatomy. Few women knew to which parts the word vulva refers. All participants identified a photograph of hairless female genitals with no visible labia minora as the societal ‘ideal’, and all strongly agreed on the need for appropriate educational resources. Young women would benefit from access to resources showing the normal range of genital anatomy. Results suggest that doctors receiving requests for FGCS should explore women’s understanding of their anatomy and what they believe the surgery will achieve. Some young women may simply need reassurance of their normality. Findings from this study may contribute to educational material for both health professionals and young people.     

The VHL-dependent regulation of microRNAs in renal cancer

Background  

The commonest histological type of renal cancer, clear cell renal cell carcinoma (cc RCC), is associated with genetic and epigenetic changes in the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumour suppressor. VHL inactivation leads to induction of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) and a hypoxic pattern of gene expression. Differential levels of specific microRNAs (miRNAs) are observed in several tumours when compared to normal tissue. Given the central role of VHL in renal cancer formation, we examined the VHL-dependent regulation of miRNAs in renal cancer.     

T cell and antibody responses in remitting-relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in (C57BL/6 x SJL) F1 mice

To characterize T cell and antibody responses in remitting-relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (RR-EAE), we compared myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-induced RR-EAE in C57BL/6 (B6) x SJL (F1) mice and chronic-progressive EAE (CP-EAE) in B6 mice at week 8 p.i. when clinical scores were comparable. Although these two strains exhibited similar inflammation/demyelination pattern and MOG-induced T cell responses, RR-EAE mice produced significantly higher levels of anti-MOG IgG1/IgG2a antibodies. Further, lymphocytes of RR-EAE mice proliferated vigorously to the secondary epitope myelin basic protein (MBP) 1-11. These results support a potential involvement of anti-MOG antibodies and epitope spreading in T cell responses in the development of MOG-induced RR-EAE model.