痴呆的风险沟通——脑健康服务用户手册（第3部分）

越来越多的证据表明，通过实施以危险因素为靶点的预防计划可降低痴呆的发病率。为了 加快这项预防计划的实施，我们提出了新一代脑健康服务（brain health services，BHSs）的设想，其中 包括风险评估、风险沟通、风险降低和认知改善。风险沟通的目的是使处于风险中的个体能够做出 正确的决定并且采取行动保护自己，是个体化降低痴呆发病风险策略的关键步骤。同时，痴呆风险 的沟通也是复杂和具有挑战性的。本文将从以下方面阐述关于风险沟通的系列观点：①从伦理、临 床和社会的角度，进行痴呆风险沟通的展望；②记忆门诊提供的经验；③从临床试验和观察性研究 中获得的披露载脂蛋白E和阿尔茨海默病生物标志物检测结果影响的现有证据；④根据BHSs建立登 记制度的价值；⑤关于有效的痴呆风险沟通策略的实用建议。此外，目前的挑战还在于缺乏在个体 层面上如何告知痴呆的实际风险，以及如何以最佳方式沟通痴呆风险的证据，尤其是对认知功能未 受损但担忧未来痴呆风险增加的个体。理想情况下，痴呆风险沟通策略应该能最大限度地提高个 体了解其健康/疾病状况的预期影响并将其潜在危害降至最低。因此，有必要对痴呆风险沟通的影 响进行更多的研究，以达到以下目的：①评估不同风险沟通方法对认知、情感和行为领域等方面预 后的优势；②制订基于证据的、统一的痴呆风险沟通指南；③开发电子工具以支持和促进BHSs遵守这 些指南。根据对研究的回顾，我们建议痴呆风险沟通应该精确，采用绝对风险、视觉显示和时间框 架，基于共享决策过程，说明任何可能情况的固有不确定性。     

重型和危重型COVID-19患者实施气管插管的临床经验

目的 对18例实施气管插管的重型和危重型新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）患者进行临床分析。方法 采用回顾性研究方法，对这18例COVID-19患者的气管插管情况进行分析。记录患者的年龄、性别、插管前意识状态、给氧方式等基本信息。由实施气管插管的麻醉医生评估并记录患者的插管条件。记录患者麻醉诱导前及插管后的基本生命体征变化。结果 患者平均年龄70.39±8.02岁，插管前15例（83.33%）患者进行了无创呼吸机治疗，13例患者（72.22%）插管前意识状态是清醒的。麻醉诱导后，患者的血压、心率有显著下降（P<0.05）。患者气管插管条件的优良率为94.44%，一次插管成功率为100%。目前有死亡5 例，有1例已行气管切开，有12例患者仍在ICU行气管插管机械通气治疗，其中1例患者机械通气效果差，目前已行ECMO辅 助。共16名临床经验丰富的麻醉医生参与了气管插管操作，插管时均采取三级防护，目前尚未发生医务人员感染的情况。结 论 对于有气管插管指征的重型和危重型新冠肺炎患者，建议早期插管，给予有创呼吸支持，增加患者的救治机会。插管过程中需谨慎使用麻醉药物，加强医务人员的防护，最大化保障患者和医务人员的安全。     

Parenchymal preserving anatomic resections result in less pulmonary function loss in patients with Stage I non-small cell lung cancer

Background

A suggested benefit of sublobar resection for stage I non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) compared to lobectomy is a relative preservation of pulmonary function. Very little objective data exist, however, supporting this supposition. We sought to evaluate the relative impact of both anatomic segmental and lobar resection on pulmonary function in patients with resected clinical stage I NSCLC.

Methods

The records of 159 disease-free patients who underwent anatomic segmentectomy (n?=?89) and lobectomy (n?=?70) for the treatment of stage I NSCLC with pre- and postoperative pulmonary function tests performed between 6 to 36 months after resection were retrospectively reviewed. Changes in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV₁) and diffusion capacity of carbon monoxide (DLCO) were analyzed based upon the number of anatomic pulmonary segments removed: 1–2 segments (n?=?77) or 3–5 segments (n?=?82).

Results

Preoperative pulmonary function was worse in the lesser resection cohort (1–2 segments) compared to the greater resection group (3–5 segments) (FEV_{1(%predicted)}: 79% vs. 85%, p?=?0.038; DLCO_(%predicted): 63% vs. 73%, p?=?0.010). A greater decline in FEV₁ was noted in patients undergoing resection of 3–5 segments (FEV_{1 (observed)}: 0.1 L vs. 0.3 L, p?=?0.003; and FEV_{1 (% predicted)}: 4.3% vs. 8.2%, p?=?0.055). Changes in DLCO followed this same trend (DLCO_(observed): 1.3 vs. 2.4 mL/min/mmHg, p?=?0.015; and DLCO_{(% predicted)}: 3.6% vs. 5.9%, p?=?0.280).

Conclusions

Parenchymal-sparing resections resulted in better preservation of pulmonary function at a median of one year, suggesting a long-term functional benefit with small anatomic segmental resections (1–2 segments). Prospective studies to evaluate measurable functional changes, as well as quality of life, between segmentectomy and lobectomy with a larger patient cohort appear justified.

     

Proctitis after stapled hemorrhoidopexy is an underestimated complication of a widely used surgical procedure: a retrospective observational cohort study in 129 patients

Background

Hemorrhoidal disease is highly prevalent in the western world. Stapled hemorrhoidopexy also known as the procedure for prolapsed hemorrhoids (pph) has been shown to be superior to conventional hemorrhoidectomy with regard to postoperative pain, length of hospital stay and early return to work. Proctitis following stapled hemorrhoidopexy has not been reported previously. Herein, we report our experience with proctitis in patients following stapled hemorrhoidopexy and question if proctitis could be a complication of stapled hemorrhoidopexy.

Materials and methods

A retrospective analysis of the data of patients undergoing stapled hemorrhoidopexy with the PPH03 in the coloproctology unit of the department of surgery of a primary care hospital in Germany within a 5-year period was performed. All cases were managed and followed up by a single attending surgeon with expertise in coloproctology.

Results

129 patients were included for analysis including 21 cases with grade 2, 103 cases of grade 3 and 5 cases of grade 4 hemorrhoids. The median duration of surgery was 20 min. 17 complications including two recurrences were recorded. Post-pph proctitis was recorded in 14 cases (10.9 %). Post-pph proctitis was not associated with gender, extent of hemorrhoidal disease, BMI and ASA (p >0.05). All cases recovered within 4 weeks following management with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and suppositories.

Conclusion

Proctitis could be a complication of stapled hemorrhoidopexy with a good response to conservative treatment with suppositories.

     

Are radiographic indices reliable indicators for quantitative bone mineral density and vitamin D status after femoral neck fractures? A retrospective study in 112 elderly patients

Background

Radiographic parameters and indices obtained from hip x-rays are a potential tool to promptly estimate bone quality in elderly hip fracture patients. Preoperative decision in whether to use cemented or cement augmented implants might be supported by this information and thus improve patient safety. Subsequently, this study was conducted to evaluate radiographic parameters as a prescreening tool for bone quality.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of 112 elderly patients with a femoral neck fracture after low-energy trauma was performed (81 % female, 19 % male). Three radiological indices were calculated on hip x-rays: cortical index antero-posterior CTI (ap), cortical index lateral CTI (lat) and canal to calcar ratio CCR. These indices were analyzed for correlations with DXA T-Scores and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) using the Spearman test.

Results

Median age of patients was 80 (IQR 72–86) years. A linear correlation was found for CTI (lat) and T-Score at the total hip (p?<?0.001, r?=?0.589), femoral neck (p?=?0.005, r?=?0.405) and the lumbar spine (p?=?0.002, r?=?0.299). A significant correlation was also indicated between CTI (lat) and 25(OH)D (p?=?0.002, r?=?0.293). CTI (lat) at a cut-off level of 0.4 showed a sensitivity of 79 % and a specificity of 56 % in predicting a T-score?≤??2.5 at the total hip. Gender specific analysis revealed a higher sensitivity (100 %) and specificity (73 %) of CTI (lat) at a cut-off level of 0.4 for men. For severe vitamin D deficiency (<10 ng/ml) sensitivity and specificity were 75 % and 65 %.

Conclusion

Radiographic indices as the CTI (lat) exhibit a direct correlation to BMD and serum 25OH vitamin D levels. A CTI (lat) cut-off level of 0.4 is recommended for identifying patients at risk of osteoporosis expressed by T-Scores?≤??2.5 and severe vitamin D deficiency.

     

Proctologie pédiatrique courante

The reasons for children to consult in pediatric proctology are various, usually benign and non-surgical. The main infectious diseases are perianal abscess which management remains controversial, and perineal streptococcal infection which is often delayed in diagnosis and has a high recurrence in case of poor compliance or inappropriate treatment. Anal fissure and rectal prolapse are the most frequent non infectious diseases, and they are both related to constipation which must be treated effectively. Cystic fibrosis must be investigated in case of rectal prolapse. Perianal lesions secondary to sexual abuse are often really difficult to diagnose certainly and should not be under- or over-estimated because of a lack of knowledge in perianal findings in children.     

Potenzial und Wirksamkeit eines telemedizinischen Rettungsassistenzsystems

Background

The demographic change and an increasing multimorbidity of patients represent increasing challenges for the adequate prehospital treatment of emergency patients. The incorporation of supplementary telemedical concepts and systems can lead to an improved guideline-conform treatment. Beneficial evidence of telemedical procedures is only known for isolated disease patterns; however, no mobile telemedical concept exists which is suitable for use in the wide variety of different clinical situations.

Aim

This article presents a newly developed and evaluated total telemedical concept (TemRas) that encompasses organizational, medical and technical components. The use of intelligent and robust communication technology and the implementation of this add-on system allows the telemedical support of the rescue service for all emergencies.

Methods

After development of the telemedical rescue assistance system, which includes organizational, medical and technical components, a telemedical centre and six ambulances in five different districts in North-Rhine Westphalia were equipped with this new tool. During the evaluation phase of 1 year in the routine emergency medical service the rate of complications as well as differences between urban and rural areas were analyzed with respect to different target parameters.

Results

Between August 2012 and July 2013 a total of 401 teleconsultations were performed during emergency missions and 24 during secondary interhospital transfers. No complications due to teleconsultation were observed. The mean duration (±SD) of teleconsultations was longer in rural areas than in urban areas with 28.6±12.0?min vs. 25.5±11.1?min (p?<?0.0001). In 63.2?% of these missions administration of medications was delegated to the ambulance personnel (52.0?% urban vs. 73.6?% rural, p?<?0.0001). The severity of ailments corresponded to scores of III and VI in the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) classification.

Conclusion

Emergency medical care of patients with support by a telemedical system is technically feasible, safe for the patient and allows medical treatment independent of spatial availability of a physician in different emergency situations.

     

A comparison of standard PCNL and staged retrograde FURS in pelvis stones over 2 cm in diameter: a prospective randomized study

The aim of the study was to compare percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) and staged retrograde flexible ureteroscopy (FURS) methods used in the treatment of kidney stones of 2 cm or more in diameter. The study comprised a total of 60 patients with a diagnosis of kidney pelvic stones more than 2 cm in diameter, for whom surgery was planned between January 2013 and January 2014. The patients were randomly allocated to two groups as staged retrograde FURS (Group A) and PCNL (Group B). Comparison of the groups was made with respect to operating time, number of procedures, total treatment time, length of hospital stay, stone-free rates and complications according to the Clavien–Dindo classification. In Group A, the total operating time of multiple sessions was 114.46 min. In Group B, a single session of PCNL was applied to all patients and the mean operating time was 86.8 min (p = 0.014). Mean total treatment time was 2.01 weeks in Group A and 1 week in Group B (p < 0.01). The mean total hospitalization time was 3.66 days in Group A and 3.13 days in Group B (p = 0.037). At the end of the sessions, clinically insignificant residual fragments were observed in ten patients of Group A and one patient of Group B (p = 0.03). No statistically significant difference was determined between the groups in terms of stone-free rates or complications. Although current technology with FURS is effective on large kidney stones, it has no superiority to PCNL due to the need for multiple sessions and long treatment time.