Transforming brain signals related to value evaluation and self‐control into behavioral choices

The processes involved in value evaluation and self‐control are critical when making behavioral choices. However, the evidence linking these two types of processes to behavioral choices in intertemporal decision‐making remains elusive. As the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), striatum, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) have been associated with these two processes, we focused on these three regions. We employed functional magnetic resonance imaging during a delayed discounting task (DDT) using a relatively large sample size, three independent samples. We evaluated how much information about a specific choice could be decoded from local patterns in each brain area using multivoxel pattern analysis (MVPA). To investigate the relationship between the dlPFC and vmPFC/striatum regions, we performed a psychophysiological interaction (PPI) analysis. In Experiment I, we found that the vmPFC and dlPFC, but not the striatum, could determine choices in healthy participants. Furthermore, we found that the dlPFC showed significant functional connectivity with the vmPFC, but not the striatum, when making decisions. These results could be replicated in Experiment II with an independent sample of healthy participants. In Experiment III, the choice‐decoding accuracy in the vmPFC and dlPFC was lower in patients with addiction (smokers and participants with Internet gaming disorder) than in healthy participants, and decoding accuracy in the dlPFC was related to impulsivity in addicts. Taken together, our findings may provide neural evidence supporting the hypothesis that value evaluation and self‐control processes both guide the intertemporal choices, and might provide potential neural targets for the diagnosis and treatment of impulsivity‐related brain disorders.     

仿生矿化后的丝素电纺复合支架体内成骨性能的实验研究

目的探讨仿生矿化后的丝素电纺复合支架体内修复颅骨缺损的能力。方法利用静电纺丝技术制备丝素电纺支架(非矿化组),通过模拟体液(SBF)浸泡法对支架仿生矿化(矿化组),扫描电镜观察其微观形貌。18只8周龄的雄性SD大鼠购自南京医科大学动物实验中心,采用随机数字表示法分为3组,分别为矿化组、非矿化组和对照组,每组6只。构建SD大鼠颅骨缺损模型,在直径为5 mm的骨缺损区分别植入矿化组及非矿化组支架,对照组不作处理,分别于术后4、8周取材,通过微计算机断层扫描技术(micro-CT)、苏木精-伊红(HE)及马松染色(Masson染色)比较评估不同支架的体内骨再生情况。应用GraphPad Prism 8统计软件分析,采用单因素方差分析。结果扫描电镜结果显示仿生矿化后的丝素电纺支架表面形成明显的羟基磷灰石矿化层。动物实验结果显示,术后4周和8周,通过对CT三维重建、HE及Masson染色的观察以及对骨体积分数(BV/TV),骨小梁数(Tb.N),骨小梁厚度(TB.Th)和骨小梁间隙(TB.Sp)定量指标的分析结果显示,在矿化组和非矿化组均能观察到新骨的形成,且矿化组的修复效果均优于非矿化组,差异有统计学意义[矿化组、非矿化组及对照组BV/TV在4周时分别为(22.880±2.324)、(12.600±1.965)、(4.967±1.580)%,F=61.838,P<0.05,8周时分别为(45.770±4.433)、(29.400±4.086)、(19.310±2.272)%,F=38.686,P<0.05;Tb.N在4周时分别为(0.029±0.001)、(0.019±0.003)、(0.008±0.003)mm-1,F=52.890,P<0.05,8周时分别为(0.053±0.002)、(0.037±0.003)、(0.023±0.001)mm-1,F=171.433,P<0.05;TB.Sp在4周时分别为(10.810±0.179)、(11.350±0.098)、(11.730±0.163)μm,F=27.655,P<0.05,8周时分别为(8.792±0.175)、(10.060±0.339)、(11.150±0.275)μm,F=56.807,P<0.05]。结论仿生矿化后的丝素电纺复合支架能有效促进骨再生,有望用于骨组织工程。     

Comparison of anatomical and visual outcomes following different anti-vascular endothelial growth factor treatments in subretinal neovascular membrane secondary to type 2 proliferative macular telangiectasia

Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology - To evaluate central macular thickness (CMT), subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT), and visual outcomes following different...     

Instrument-based Tests for Measuring Anterior Chamber Cells in Uveitis: A Systematic Review

ABSTRACT

Purpose

New instrument-based techniques for anterior chamber (AC) cell counting can offer automation and objectivity above clinician assessment. This review aims to identify such instruments and its correlation with clinician estimates.     

Netherton综合征研究进展

 Netherton综合征（NS）是由SPINK5基因突变引起的一种罕见隐性遗传性鱼鳞病，其特征是鱼鳞病样红皮病（CIE）和/或迂回线状鱼鳞病（ILC）、毛干异常和IgE水平升高三联症。因三联征并不总是完全存在，NS患者常常面临误诊、治疗延迟，甚至治疗无效的难题。本文全面回顾了NS的发病机制进展、临床特征、组织病理学和免疫组织化学、诊断和鉴别诊断以及治疗进展，以达到早期识别、有效干预NS的目的。