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1.
AbstractObjective: Gastric distention and perforation are possible results in a preterm newborn with esophageal atresia and distal tracheoesophageal fistula, especially when there is a need for mechanical ventilatory support. The results of the reported cases treated with emergency thoracotomy and fistula ligation after gastrostomy are not very satisfactory. Sometimes simple temporary solutions can be useful for stabilization and allow safety for required surgical treatment for later.Patient and methods: Two preterm newborns with esophageal atresia and distal tracheoesophageal fistula complicated by gastric perforation were reported.Results: Both of the patients were initially treated with a simple peritoneal drainage and, then the definitive operations were performed without any problem in stabilized patients.Conclusion: Performing fistula ligation or occlusion as an initial treatment in patients with impaired cardiac and respiratory functions may worsen the status of the patient. In such cases, it could be better to perform simple interventions first to facilitate subsequent treatments. 相似文献
2.
Patricia B. Pavlinac Jaqueline M. Naulikha Grace C. John-Stewart Frankline M. Onchiri Albert O. Okumu Ruth R. Sitati Lisa M. Cranmer Erica M. Lokken Benson O. Singa Judd L. Walson 《The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene》2015,93(5):1087-1091
In children, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) frequently disseminates systemically, presenting with nonspecific signs including fever. We determined prevalence of M. tuberculosis bacteremia among febrile children presenting to hospitals in Nyanza, Kenya (a region with high human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and M. tuberculosis prevalence). Between March 2013 and February 2014, we enrolled children aged 6 months to 5 years presenting with fever (axillary temperature ≥ 37.5°C) and no recent antibiotic use. Blood samples were collected for bacterial and mycobacterial culture using standard methods. Among 148 children enrolled, median age was 3.1 years (interquartile range: 1.8–4.1 years); 10.3% of children were living with a household member diagnosed with M. tuberculosis in the last year. Seventeen percent of children were stunted (height-for-age z-score < −2), 18.6% wasted (weight-for-height z-score < −2), 2.7% were HIV-infected, and 14.2% were HIV-exposed uninfected. Seventeen children (11.5%) had one or more signs of tuberculosis (TB). All children had a Bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccination scar. Among 134 viable blood cultures, none (95% confidence interval: 0–2.7%) had Mycobacterium isolated. Despite exposure to household TB contacts, HIV exposure, and malnutrition, M. tuberculosis bacteremia was not detected in this pediatric febrile cohort, a finding consistent with other pediatric studies. 相似文献
3.
Sanya B. Okumu Mark L. ChindiaLoice W. Gathece Elizabeth A.O. DimbaWalter Odhiambo 《Journal of cranio-maxillo-facial surgery》2012,40(1):e8
Aim
To evaluate the clinical features and histopathological types of orofacial malignant neoplasms in children.Patients and methods
The study involved patients aged 15 years and below diagnosed with malignancy at two main referral hospitals in Kenya during the period from July, 2008 to December, 2008. A questionnaire and clinical examination chart were used to document data. Data analysis was done using SPSS 12.0 programme.Results
65 children (44 males, 21 females) with ages ranging from 0.25 to 14 years were evaluated. The main complaints were swelling 61 (94%) and visual disturbance 29 (45%). The mean duration of symptoms was 0.17-36 months. The commonest signs were leucocoria (white reflection from the retina) 23 (35%), proptosis 19 (29%) and loss of vision 15 (23%). The commonest sites were orbit 30 (46%) and maxilla 11 (17%). Most neoplasms were retinoblastoma 26 (40%), followed by 14 (21%) cases of Burkitt’s lymphoma (BL) and occurred in patients under 5 years of age (40 cases) followed by 19 cases in children aged 5-10 years.Conclusions
Overall, malignancies were more common in males than females with most having been diagnosed in children aged less than 10 years. Retinoblastoma and BL were the most common neoplasms. 相似文献4.
5.
Tolley Elizabeth E. Hamilton Erica L. Eley Natalie Maragh-Bass Allysha C. Okumu Eunice Balán Iván C. Gamble Theresa Beyrer Chris Remien Robert 《AIDS and behavior》2022,26(9):3119-3130
AIDS and Behavior - Adherence to care and antiretroviral therapy is challenging, especially for people living with HIV (PLWH) with additional co-occurring risk factors. Case management... 相似文献
6.
Rebecca K. Papas John E. Sidle Emmanuel S. Wamalwa Thomas O. Okumu Kendall L. Bryant Joseph L. Goulet Stephen A. Maisto R. Scott Braithwaite Amy C. Justice 《AIDS and behavior》2010,14(4):836-844
Traditional homemade brew is believed to represent the highest proportion of alcohol use in sub-Saharan Africa. In Eldoret,
Kenya, two types of brew are common: chang’aa, spirits, and busaa, maize beer. Local residents refer to the amount of brew
consumed by the amount of money spent, suggesting a culturally relevant estimation method. The purposes of this study were
to analyze ethanol content of chang’aa and busaa; and to compare two methods of alcohol estimation: use by cost, and use by
volume, the latter the current international standard. Laboratory results showed mean ethanol content was 34% (SD = 14%) for
chang’aa and 4% (SD = 1%) for busaa. Standard drink unit equivalents for chang’aa and busaa, respectively, were 2 and 1.3
(US) and 3.5 and 2.3 (Great Britain). Using a computational approach, both methods demonstrated comparable results. We conclude
that cost estimation of alcohol content is more culturally relevant and does not differ in accuracy from the international
standard. 相似文献
7.
S Okumu? V ?ner C Durucu E Co?kun ü Aksoy E Durucu L ?ahin I Erba?c? 《Eye (London, England)》2016,30(1):85-88
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to investigate the outcomes of nasolacrimal duct intubation in the primary treatment of congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (CNLDO) in children aged 7 years and older.Methods
Thirty children aged ≥7 years who underwent primary unilateral nasolacrimal duct intubation because of CNLDO were enrolled in this study. CNLDO diagnosis was based on signs and symptoms including typical epiphora, increased tear meniscus, recurrent or persistent mucopurulent discharge, and an abnormal dye disappearance test (DDT). Surgical success was defined as complete resolution of previous signs and symptoms and DDT grade 0–1.Results
The mean age was 10.7±2.5 years (ranging from 7 to 15 years). Of the 30 patients, 18 were male and 12 were female. The mean follow-up period was 8.8±3.4 months (ranging from 6 to 16 months). The mean silicone tube removal time was 4.6±1.1 months (ranging from 3 to 6 months). The complete resolution of signs and symptoms with DDT grade 0–1 was observed in 22 of 30 cases (73.3%) during the follow-up period. The mean age of the patients with unsuccessful outcomes was 12.7±1.4 years, whereas that of the patients with successful outcomes was 10.0±2.4 years, and the difference was statistically significant (P=0.006). No serious intra- and/or post-operative complication was observed.Conclusions
The current study demonstrates that nasolacrimal duct silicone intubation with intranasal endoscopic visualization has favorable outcomes as a primary treatment of persistent CNLDO in children aged 7 years and older. It can be used to reduce the need for dacryocystorhinostomy which is a more invasive procedure. 相似文献8.
Carmen H Logie Moses Okumu Daniel Kibuuka Musoke Robert Hakiza Simon Mwima Peter Kyambadde Heather Abela Lesley Gittings Joshua Musinguzi Lawrence Mbuagbaw Stefan Baral 《Journal of the International AIDS Society》2021,24(3)
IntroductionHIV‐related risks may be exacerbated in humanitarian contexts. Uganda hosts 1.3 million refugees, of which 60% are aged under 18. There are knowledge gaps regarding HIV testing facilitators and barriers, including HIV and intersecting stigmas, among urban refugee youth. In response, we explored experiences and perspectives towards HIV testing strategies, including HIV self‐testing, with urban refugee youth in Kampala, Uganda.MethodsWe implemented a qualitative study with refugee cisgender youth aged 16 to 24 living in Kampala''s informal settlements from February‐April 2019. We conducted five focus groups with refugee youth, including two with adolescent boys and young men, two with adolescent girls and young women and one with female sex workers. We also conducted five key informant (KI) interviews with government, non‐government and community refugee agencies and HIV service providers. We conducted thematic analyses to understand HIV testing experiences, perspectives and recommendations.ResultsParticipants (n = 49) included young men (n = 17) and young women (n = 27) originally from the Democratic Republic of Congo [DRC] (n = 29), Rwanda (n = 11), Burundi (n = 3) and Sudan (n = 1), in addition to five KI (gender: n = 3 women, n = 2 men; country of origin: n = 2 Rwanda, n = 2 Uganda, n = 1 DRC). Participant narratives revealed stigma drivers included fear of HIV infection; misinformation that HIV is a “Ugandan disease”; and blame and shame for sexual activity. Stigma facilitators included legal precarity regarding sex work, same‐sex practices and immigration status, alongside healthcare mistreatment and confidentiality concerns. Stigma experiences were attributed to the social devaluation of intersecting identities (sex work, youth, refugees, sexual minorities, people living with HIV, women). Participants expressed high interest in HIV self‐testing. They recommended HIV self‐testing implementation strategies to be peer supported and expressed concerns regarding sexual‐ and gender‐based violence with partner testing.ConclusionsIntersecting stigma rooted in fear, misinformation, blame and shame, legal precarity and healthcare mistreatment constrain current HIV testing strategies with urban refugee youth. Findings align with the Health Stigma and Discrimination Framework that conceptualizes stigma drivers and facilitators that devalue intersecting health conditions and social identities. Findings can inform multi‐level strategies to foster enabling HIV testing environments with urban refugee youth, including tackling intersecting stigma and leveraging refugee youth peer support. 相似文献
9.
In this study, for low atomic number targets and biological compounds, an inelastic mean free path (IMFP) formula and energy straggling parameter formula are presented, being valid for low and high electron energies. In addition, calculation of the continuous slowing down approximation-range (CSDA-range) from the stopping power is also made. The IMFP and the energy straggling parameter formulae are evaluated using the generalized oscillator strength (GOS) model and the exchange correction to the inelastic differential cross section (IDCS) given by Inokuti, M., [1978. Inelastic collisions of fast charged particles with atoms and molecules--the Bethe theory revisited. Rev. Mod. Phys. 50, 23-35]. The IMFP and CSDA-range for the biological compounds C5H5N5 (adenine), C5H5N5O (guanine), C4H5N3O (cytosine), C5H6N2O2 (thymine), C20H27N7O13P2 (cytosine-guanine) and C19H26N8O13P2 (thymine-adenine) have been introduced for incident electrons in the energy range 20 eV-1 MeV. The calculated results are compared with semi-empirical results and other theoretical results, good agreement being found with experimental data and Monte Carlo (PENELOPE code) predictions. All the IMFP versus energy curves exhibit minima around 80 eV. 相似文献
10.
Purpose The objectives of the study was to develop a dissolution test method that can be used to predict the oral absorption of montelukast
sodium, and to establish an in vitro/in vivo correlation (IVIVC) using computer simulations.
Methods Drug solubility was measured in different media. The dissolution behaviour of montelukast sodium 10 mg film coated tablets
was studied using the flow-through cell dissolution method following a dynamic pH change protocol, as well as in the USP Apparatus
2. Computer simulations were performed using GastroPlus™. Biorelevant dissolution media (BDM) prepared using bile salts and
lecithin in buffers was used as the dissolution media, as well as the USP simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) pH 6.8 and blank
FaSSIF pH 6.5. Dissolution tests in the USP Apparatus 2 were performed under a constant pH condition, while the pH range used
in the flow through cells was pH 2.0 to 7.5. The in vitro data were used as input functions into GastroPlus™ to simulate the in vivo profiles of the drug.
Results The solubility of montelukast sodium was low at low pH, but increased as the pH was increased. There was no significant difference
in solubility in the pH range of 5.0 to 7.5 in blank buffers, but the drug solubility was higher in biorelevant media compared
with the corresponding blank buffers at the same pH. Using the flow through cells, the dissolution rate was fast in simulated
gastric fluid containing 0.1% SLS. The dissolution rate slowed down when the medium was changed to FaSSIF pH 6.5 and increased
when the medium was changed to FaSSIF medium at pH 7.5. In the USP Apparatus 2, better dissolution was observed in FaSSIF
compared with the USP buffers and blank FaSSIF with similar pH values. Dissolution was incomplete with less than 10% of the
drug dissolved in the USP-SIF, and was practically non existent in blank FaSSIF pH 6.5. The in vitro results of the dynamic dissolution test were able to predict the clinical data from a bioavailability study best.
Conclusions Dynamic dissolution testing using the flow through cell seems to be a powerful tool to establish in vitro/in vivo correlations for poorly soluble drugs as input function into GastroPlus. 相似文献