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Introduction
In the United States there has been a large increase in participation in lacrosse for both males and females. The purpose of this study was to analyze the number of head injuries, injury rates (calculated using the reported number of participants) and types of head injuries that are seen in emergency departments in the United States.Methods
We compared injuries between male and female lacrosse participants. This was a retrospective study using a publicly available database produced by the US Consumer Product Safety Commission and information about lacrosse participation from US Lacrosse.Results
A linear regression was performed and showed a positive correlation between number of head injuries to males and time from 2002 to 2010 (R2?=?0.823; p?=?0.001). While the number of injuries to the head in female lacrosse participants was not significant. There was a negative correlation between the number of head injuries to males from 2010 to 2016 (R2?=?0.800; p?=?0.007), but again, there was no significance for female injury count (R2?=?0.417; p?=?0.117). Other significant differences between head injuries in males and females included the mechanism of injury and the type of injury recorded.Conclusion
The most recent data from 2010 to 2016, suggest that both males and females have had a decrease in injury rate. However the total number of female head injuries is not significantly decreasing and as the sport continues to grow there will likely be more total head injuries and visits to the emergency department. 相似文献Background
Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory skin condition whose etiology has been linked to mast cells and the antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin LL-37. Individuals with refractory disease have demonstrated clinical benefit with periodic injections of onabotulinum toxin, but the mechanism of action is unknown.Objectives
To investigate the molecular mechanism by which botulinum toxin improves rosacea lesions.Methods
Primary human and murine mast cells were pretreated with onabotulinum toxin A or B or control. Mast cell degranulation was evaluated by β-hexosaminidase activity. Expression of botulinum toxin receptor Sv2 was measured by qPCR. The presence of SNAP-25 and VAMP2 was established by immunofluorescence. In vivo rosacea model was established by intradermally injecting LL-37 with or without onabotulinum toxin A pretreatment. Mast cell degranulation was assessed in vivo by histologic counts. Rosacea biomarkers were analyzed by qPCR of mouse skin sections.Results
Onabotulinum toxin A and B inhibited compound 48/80-induced degranulation of both human and murine mast cells. Expression of Sv2 was established in mouse mast cells. Onabotulinum toxin A and B increased cleaved SNAP-25 and decreased VAMP2 staining in mast cells respectively. In mice, injection of onabotulinum toxin A significantly reduced LL-37-induced skin erythema, mast cell degranulation, and mRNA expression of rosacea biomarkers.Conclusions
These findings suggest that onabotulinum toxin reduces rosacea-associated skin inflammation by directly inhibiting mast cell degranulation. Periodic applications of onabotulinum toxin may be an effective therapy for refractory rosacea and deserves further study. 相似文献Method: Seventy-five individuals (Mage = 73.9 years, range = 55–88 years; 56% female) with MCI–ASD (n = 30) and MCI–AMD (n = 45) were recruited primarily from a hospital-based memory disorders clinic. Participants were administered self-report and objective measures assessing six functional domains: financial management, driving, telephone use, nutrition evaluation, grocery shopping, and medication management. Self-awareness discrepancy scores were calculated for each of these IADLs, and participants were classified as either “overestimating ability” or “accurately/underestimating ability.”
Results: Individuals with MCI–AMD performed significantly worse on objective measures of financial management, driving, and nutrition evaluation than those with MCI–ASD. Across MCI subtypes, participants were most likely to lack awareness of their difficulties in nutrition evaluation (31%), financial management (25%), and driving (23%) domains. Individuals with MCI–AMD were significantly more likely than those with MCI–ASD to overestimate performance on driving and telephone use domains.
Conclusion: Individuals with MCI–AMD are more likely than those with MCI–ASD to have impairment in their everyday function and to lack awareness into their IADL difficulties. When possible, clinicians should obtain objective measures in combination with detailed informant reports of functional abilities in order to evaluate capacity to independently engage in various daily activities. Finally, level of self-awareness varies across IADL domains, providing further evidence that insight is not a unitary construct. 相似文献