血浆置换联合连续性血液净化治疗儿童重症溶血尿毒综合征

目的：探讨床旁血浆置换（ plasma exchange,PE）联合连续性静-静脉血液滤过透析（ continuous veno-venous hemodiafiltration,CVVHDF）在抢救儿童重症溶血尿毒综合征（ hemolytic uremic syndrome,HUS）中的作用。方法总结本院PICU收治的HUS患儿的临床特点,采用儿童危重病例评分和儿童死亡危险评分Ⅲ评估病情的危重程度。对4例重症HUS患儿采用床旁PE联合CVVHDF治疗,观察病情演变与转归情况。结果2012年6月至2015年5月我院PICU收治重症HUS8例,经利尿剂、输血等保守治疗12～24 h后,病情加重的4例危重患儿进行PE＋CVVHDF序贯式血液净化治疗。 PE采用Prisma TPE 2000膜式血浆分离器,CVVHDF应用AN69 M60滤器,PE每次新鲜冰冻血浆50～70 ml／kg,连续3～6次,CVVHDF置换液50 ml／（ kg· h）。4例重症患儿治疗后均存活,血生化指标和肾功能指标改善。治疗前后血肌酐平均值（318μmol／L vs．162μmol／L）、乳酸脱氢酶（1963 U／L vs．407 U／L）明显下降,血小板计数明显升高（40×109／L vs．97×109／L）。结论 PE和CVVHDF治疗重症HUS,可以迅速改善患儿血生化指标,稳定内环境,阻断溶血和改善肾功能,可作为重症HUS抢救的重要手段。     

PICU严重结核感染的临床特征与诊断

目的探讨PICU结核感染的临床特征及诊断方法,加强对结核病的认识。方法分析总结2009年1月至2012年12月我院PICU收治的重症结核感染患儿的临床特征及诊断方法。应用小儿危重病例评分对病情进行评估。肺结核诊断符合中华医学会儿科分会呼吸学组制定的儿童肺结核临床诊断标准,结核性脑膜炎及腹膜炎根据临床、实验室检查及病理诊断。结果22例患儿中,肺部结核16例,肺外结核感染6例,其中结核性脑膜炎3例。重症结核感染的临床特点：除结核感染一般症状外,均伴有一个或多器官功能障碍,其中16例有呼吸功能障碍、2例有心血管功能障碍、3例中枢神经系统功能障碍、1例有心血管、肺及胃肠功能障碍。16例肺内结核菌感染除发热、咳嗽、气促和结核中毒症状外,均有呼吸衰竭,2例患儿合并呼吸窘迫综合征,8例需要机械通气治疗;2例心包积液患儿出现心包填塞。12例腺苷脱氨酶增高;14例结核分支杆菌感染T细胞斑点试验阳性。结论PICU危重病患儿需警惕重症结核病,腺苷脱氨酶和结核分支杆菌感染T细胞斑点试验可作为儿童结核诊断的重要辅助手段。     

新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病合并心肌损伤血浆N端脑利钠肽前体的变化及与预后的相关性

目的 探讨N端脑利钠肽前体(NT-proBNP)在缺氧缺血性脑病(HIE)合并心肌损伤患儿中的变化,为临床早期诊断、治疗及预后判断提供依据.方法 选择我院收住的40例HIE患儿为研究对象(心肌损伤16例,非心肌损伤24例),以20例正常新生儿为对照组,应用ELISA方法测定血浆NT-proBNP水平;超声心动图测定患儿的心脏收缩功能.结果 (1)心肌损伤患儿NT-proBNP水平[(350±56)pmol/L]显著高于非心肌损伤组[(135±37)pmol/L]和正常对照组[(117±23)pmol/L],差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);(2)轻、中、重度HIE组NT-proBNP水平分别为(132±34)pmol/L、(247±43)pmol/L和(343±53)pmol/L,中、重度HIE组显著高于对照组;轻、中、重度HIE组间比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);(3)心肌损伤组急性期血浆NT-proBNP水平[(350±56)pmol/L]明显高于恢复期[(250±78)pmoyl/L],差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);(4)HIE患儿NT-proBNP水平和肺动脉收缩压、左室收缩功能密切相关.结论 HIE合并心肌损伤急性期血浆NT-proBNP水平升高,有助于早期诊断心肌损伤,判断HIE病情.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the changes of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) in neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) complicated by myocardial ischemic injury. Methods Forty neonates with HIE ( 16 cases with concurrent myocardial injury and 24 cases without) were enrolled. Twenty healthy neonates were used as control. Plasma NT-proBNP levels were measured using enzyme immunoassay. Cardiac function was measured by echocardiography. Results ( 1 ) The mean plasma NT-proBNP levels in patients with myocardial injury[(350 ± 56) pmol/L]were significantly higher than those in patients without myocardial injury[(135 ± 37 ) pmol/L]and in the control group [(117 ±23) pmol/L](P ＜0. 05). (2) The NT-proBNP levels in mild,moderate and severe HIE neonates were ( 132 ±34) pmol/L, (247 ±43) pmol/L and (343 ±53) pmol/L. Compared with the control group,the NT-proBNP levels in the neonates with moderate and severe HIE significantly increased. There were significant differences in the NT-proBNP levels among the mild, moderate and severe HIE neonates ( P ＜ 0. 05 ).(3) In patients with myocardial injury,the NT-proBNP levels significantly decreased in the convalescent phase [(250±78) pmol/L]compared with those in the acute phase[(350±56) pmol/L](P ＜0.05). (4) The NT-proBNP levels were significantly related with left ventricular ejection fraction. Conclusion Plasma NT-proBNP levels increase in neonates with HIE complicated with myocardial ischemic injury in the acute phase.Detection of NT-proBNP levels maybe useful in the diagnosis of myocardial ischemic injury and severe HIE.     

新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病合并心肌损伤血浆N端脑利钠肽前体的变化及与预后的相关性

Objective To investigate the changes of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) in neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) complicated by myocardial ischemic injury. Methods Forty neonates with HIE ( 16 cases with concurrent myocardial injury and 24 cases without) were enrolled. Twenty healthy neonates were used as control. Plasma NT-proBNP levels were measured using enzyme immunoassay. Cardiac function was measured by echocardiography. Results ( 1 ) The mean plasma NT-proBNP levels in patients with myocardial injury[(350 ± 56) pmol/L]were significantly higher than those in patients without myocardial injury[(135 ± 37 ) pmol/L]and in the control group [(117 ±23) pmol/L](P ＜0. 05). (2) The NT-proBNP levels in mild,moderate and severe HIE neonates were ( 132 ±34) pmol/L, (247 ±43) pmol/L and (343 ±53) pmol/L. Compared with the control group,the NT-proBNP levels in the neonates with moderate and severe HIE significantly increased. There were significant differences in the NT-proBNP levels among the mild, moderate and severe HIE neonates ( P ＜ 0. 05 ).(3) In patients with myocardial injury,the NT-proBNP levels significantly decreased in the convalescent phase [(250±78) pmol/L]compared with those in the acute phase[(350±56) pmol/L](P ＜0.05). (4) The NT-proBNP levels were significantly related with left ventricular ejection fraction. Conclusion Plasma NT-proBNP levels increase in neonates with HIE complicated with myocardial ischemic injury in the acute phase.Detection of NT-proBNP levels maybe useful in the diagnosis of myocardial ischemic injury and severe HIE.     

儿科重症监护病房鲍曼不动杆菌感染的危险因素与耐药性分析

目的了解儿童重症监护病房(PICU)鲍曼不动杆菌感染的危险因素及耐药情况。方法总结2006年1月至2011年9月PICU中99例鲍曼不动杆菌感染患儿的资料,对鲍曼不动杆菌感染的发生率、发生时间及感染部位进行分析,了解PICU鲍曼不动杆菌感染的危险因素及耐药情况。结果 PICU共收治危重患儿4 762例,鲍曼不动杆菌感染患儿99例,发生率为2.08%(99/4762),死亡14例,病死率14.14%(14/99)。发生鲍曼不动杆菌的时间为入PICU后(12.4±9.3)d。主要为肺部感染93例(93.94%);伤口感染4例(4.04%);尿路感染2例(2.02%)。发生鲍曼不动杆菌感染的危险因素为长期使用广谱抗生素、儿童危重病例评分低、机械通气及留置导尿管。近三年(2009—2011年)耐药水平比前三年(2006—2008年)有明显上升趋势。结论鲍曼不动杆菌易引起院内感染,主要为肺部感染,且耐药性明显上升。应加强抗生素的合理应用、加强病区的管理和侵入性操作时的无菌管理。     

临床常见循环衰竭的血流动力学类型和处理原则

通常按血流动力学变化将循环衰竭分为“暖休克”和“冷休克”,严重循环衰竭患儿往往这两种情况并存.小儿循环功能衰竭特点是血流动力学变化迅速,常伴有血管床的张力改变、血容量相对或绝对不足、心肌抑制、血流分布异常和细胞代谢障碍等.主要治疗手段是通过容量复苏、正性肌力药物和血管活性药物的应用,提高心输出量和组织灌注,实现SVO2＞70％和心脏指数达到3.3～6.0L/(min·m2),以保障血管内容量和心脏负荷的最佳化调节.     

体外膜肺氧合在儿童急性呼吸窘迫综合征中的应用#br#

急性呼吸窘迫综合征（acute respiratory distress syndrom,ARDS）是临床常见的急危重症,发生率及病死率较高,是重症患儿入住儿童重症监护病房及住院患儿的主要死亡原因。体外膜肺氧合（extracorporeal membrane oxygenation,ECMO）部分或全部替代患儿心肺功能,可对传统治疗无效的严重心肺衰竭患儿提供较长时间心肺支持。目前,对儿童ARDS的ECMO介入时机和模式选择等方面的临床应用仍存在较多争议。较多成人临床实践推荐将静脉-静脉ECMO（VV-ECMO）模式作为ARDS的首选方案。近年来,ECMO技术有了较大的进步,ECMO临床应用对改善重度肺内外源性ARDS的预后可能有一定作用。