图像识别技术在全国中药资源普查中的应用

随着计算机和图像处理技术的发展应用,图像识别技术已经应用于全国中药资源普查工作的各个阶段。其中,(1)在前期准备工作中,为建立统一的中药资源名录库,基于纸质文献资料采用文字识别技术,辅助进行与中药资源相关各类名录的数字化;为确定每个普查队外业调查的代表区域和样地,基于卫星遥感图像和植被图等基础数据,采用遥感图像分类等技术方法,辅助确定重点调查区域。(2)在外业调查过程中,为相对准确地获取中药材种植面积,基于遥感图像采用决策树模型、光谱特征、面向对象等方法,辅助进行中药材种植区域识别和面积估算。(3)在内业整理过程中,为相对准确的确定区域内中药资源种类,基于植物个体照片、标本照片和名称等采用图像识技术,辅助进行中药资源种类的统计汇总。(4)在成果转化应用中,基于药用资源个体和药材样品照片,开发中药资源种类识别APP和道地药材3D展示系统,辅助进行中药资源种类识别和药材鉴别特征展示。在中药资源普查工作中引入图像识别技术,辅助普查人员开展相关工作,不但能降低人工的工作量、提高工作效率,而且提高了普查成果的信息化水平和共享应用能力。随着中药资源普查工作的不断深入,图像识别技术方法在相关工作中还将发挥其特有的作用。     

组织开展部队卫生装备普查的主要做法和成效

从普查内容、领导机制、普查阶段、普查方式等方面介绍了组织开展部队卫生装备普查工作的主要做法,分析总结了通过开展部队卫生装备普查工作,在摸清装备数量质量、评估能力、规范管理、锻炼队伍、推动建设等5个方面取得的成效。指出开展部队卫生装备普查的目的、意义在于摸清卫生装备数量质量需求,进一步规范卫生装备建设与管理。     

Comparison of Farmers in the Agricultural Health Study to the 1992 and 1997 Censuses of Agriculture

Abstract

Context: The Agricultural Health Study (AHS) is a large, prospective cohort study in the states of Iowa and North Carolina that has been developed to better understand how pesticides and other agricultural exposures relate to the occurrence of cancer and other diseases.

Purpose: This report compares the characteristics of AHS farmers to the Census of Agriculture to evaluate the generalizability of AHS findings.

Methods: We restricted the AHS to private pesticide applicators who enrolled in Iowa (n = 31,065) and in North Carolina (n = 17,239) between 1993 and 1997, and who identified themselves as living or working on a farm. We compared their self-reported data with data from the 1992 and 1997 Censuses of Agriculture.

Findings: AHS farmers in Iowa are younger; live or work on larger farms; more frequently apply herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides; and are more likely to raise beef cattle and swine, and grow corn, soybeans, hay, and oats. AHS farmers in North Carolina are also younger, live or work on larger farms, more frequently reported growing crops commonly seen in the state, and are more frequent pesticide users. However, animals raised are similar to those in the North Carolina Census of Agriculture.

Conclusions: AHS farmers likely represent the higher end of pesticide usage in both states in part because AHS farmers have larger farms. Since the health effects of pesticides are best ascertained among pesticide users with the greatest exposure, the AHS cohort should prove to be a valuable resource for health effects research.     

适应人口变化的公共卫生服务管理策略探讨

[目的]根据上海市宝山区人口变化特点提出公共卫生工作重点和管理策略。[方法]分析宝山区2000年第五次和2010年第六次人口普查资料,总结人口变化特点。[结果]10年间,居住在宝山区的本区户籍、外区县户籍和外省市户籍人口都在增加。本区户籍人口中60岁及以上人口的比例已达22.12%,且生活不能自理老人占3.59%。外区县户籍人口增幅高达112.95%,主要职业构成、家庭住户卫生设施等情况与本区户籍人口相近,且集中在大场、顾村、张庙、高境、淞南等部分街镇。本区的外省市户籍人口增幅最大,为137.61%,占全区总人口的40.22%。全区有一半的街镇中外省市户籍人口数明显超过本区户籍人口数,主要集中在大场、杨行、顾村等街镇,饮用自来水,拥有独立厨房、卫生间和洗浴设施的比例远远小于本区户籍、外区县户籍人口。外省市户籍人口以青壮年为主,户籍以安徽和江苏省为主,职业以生产运输设备操作人员和商业服务业为主。[结论]本区户籍人口的公共卫生问题主要是慢性疾病,公共卫生服务管理应围绕慢性病防治为主。外区县户籍人口公共卫生管理方法可参照本区户籍人口。外省市户籍人口的公共卫生问题主要是传染病,同时要关注职业病,公共卫生服务管理应围绕防控传染病、职业病为主。     

Coin hoards speak of population declines in Ancient Rome

In times of violence, people tend to hide their valuables, which are later recovered unless the owners had been killed or driven away. Thus, the temporal distribution of unrecovered coin hoards is an excellent proxy for the intensity of internal warfare. We use this relationship to resolve a long-standing controversy in Roman history. Depending on who was counted in the early Imperial censuses (adult males or the entire citizenry including women and minors), the Roman citizen population of Italy either declined, or more than doubled, during the first century BCE. This period was characterized by a series of civil wars, and historical evidence indicates that high levels of sociopolitical instability are associated with demographic contractions. We fitted a simple model quantifying the effect of instability (proxied by hoard frequency) on population dynamics to the data before 100 BCE. The model predicts declining population after 100 BCE. This suggests that the vigorous growth scenario is highly implausible.     

Tobacco Control among Disadvantaged Youth living in Low-income Communities in India: Introducing Project ACTIVITY

Objective: To provide an overview of Project ACTIVITY, a group randomized intervention trial designed totest the efficacy of a community-based, comprehensive approach to tobacco control for youth (10-19 years)living in low- income communities in India. In doing so, details regarding baseline characteristics of the studysample are provided. Methods: Fourteen slum communities in Delhi, India were matched and randomized tointervention (n=7) and control (n=7) conditions. The intervention included multiple strategies to promoteprevention and cessation of tobacco use among youth. A census was conducted in selected blocks in all studycommunities (n=78,133), as well as a baseline survey of eligible youth (n=6,023). Main outcomes measures onthe survey included ever use, past six months use and current use of multiple forms of tobacco. Mixed effectsregression models were used to examine differences between study conditions in (a) demographic characteristicsand (b) the prevalence of tobacco consumption. Results: Census data revealed that 31.9% of sampled populationwas in the age group of 10-19 years. No differences between study conditions in demographic characteristics(e.g. age, gender, religion, education, and occupation) among either adults or youth were noted (p>0.05). Thebaseline survey data revealed the prevalence of ever tobacco use among youth was 7.99%, past six months usewas 5.70%, and current use was 4.88%. No differences between study conditions in these prevalence rates wereobserved, either (p>0.05). Conclusion: The two study conditions in Project ACTIVITY are comparable. Theevaluation should provide a robust test of this intervention’s efficacy     

51567例妇女病普查结果分析

目的了解妇女病发病情况和妇女病疾病谱的变化趋势,把握当前妇女病防治工作的重点,制定有效干预措施,提高妇女健康水平。方法对51 567例妇女病普查结果进行分析,对普查情况和发病状况按年代分别统计,分析出常见病所占比率和发展趋势。结果检出疾病前5位依次为宫颈炎、阴道炎、乳腺疾病、子宫肌瘤、卵巢肿瘤。阴道炎、宫颈炎、宫颈癌患病率呈下降趋势。乳腺增生、子宫肌瘤、卵巢肿瘤、乳腺癌患病率呈上升趋势。结论妇女病普查普治是妇女保健工作的重要内容之一,加强妇女保健知识的宣传教育和妇女病普查工作,对降低妇女病患病率,特别是早期发现、早期治疗各类妇科疾病有着极其重要意义。     

3208名已婚女性妇科普查回顾分析

目的：探讨3208名已婚女性妇科常见病的主要病种,以期指导降低女性常见病、多发病患病率,提高治愈率,改善女性生活质量。方法：对2007年在我单位妇科普查的3208名女性的结果进行分析,并用统计学方法探讨常见疾病与年龄的关系。结果：3208名女性常见妇科疾病前四位分别为：慢性宫颈炎、子宫肌瘤、阴道炎和卵巢囊肿。不同年龄组的慢性宫颈炎和子宫肌瘤患病率存在显著统计学差异（P〈0.01）;TCT结果中,鳞状上皮细胞异常者占3.7%,5例癌前病变,经过治疗均恢复正常。结论：降低女性妇科常见病患病率,一定要做到早预防、早诊断、早治疗,要尽量做到群防群治,努力开展女性妇科疾病的普及教育工作,改善女性工作和生活环境,以提高其健康水平。