新生儿Rh溶血病不同血源换血疗法的疗效观察

目的:探讨新生儿 Rh溶血病实行换血疗法时的血源选择和换血量的确定。方法 :选取在我院接受换血治疗的 6 3例 Rh溶血病患儿 ,其中用 Rh阳性血换血 32例 ,Rh阴性血换血 31例 ,分析其换血前后血清总胆红素(TB)和血红蛋白 (Hb)变化以判断疗效。 结果 :两种换血术均获得满意疗效 ,换血后胆红素值明显下降 ,所有患儿均痊愈出院。 结论 :在紧急情况下 ,若无法及时得到 Rh阴性血 ,可用 Rh阳性血换血 ,换血量至少应 >2 0 0 m l/ kg(为 Rh阴性血的 2倍 ) ,若应用得当 ,是一项安全有效的替代疗法     

IL-6 and G-CSF levels in amniotic fluid during the second trimester in normal and abnormal pregnancies

Activity levels of cytokines were measured by stimulation of the cell lines NFS-60, 7TD1, and TF-1. In 39 samples of amniotic fluid, levels of Granulocyte-Stimulating Factor (G-CSF) were 1434±2063 (mean±SD) and of Interleukin (IL-6) 546±1071 pg/ml; Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) was not detectable. IL-6 was correlated to G-CSF (r=0.3; p=0.003). G-CSF (p=0.0002) and IL-6 (p=0.006) were influenced by Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP) and G-CSF by rhesus-incompatibility (p=0.0004). These findings suggest that cytokines such as IL-6 and G-CSF play some role in physiological and pathological pregnancy.Abbreviations G-CSF granulocyte-colony stimulating factor - GM-CSF granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor - M-CSF macrophage-colony stimulating factor - CSF colonystimulating factor - IL-6 interleukin-6 - IL-11 interleukin-11 - AFP alpha-fetoprotein - NFS-60 cell line - 7TD1 cell line - TF-l cell line - rh recombinant human - MTT 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide - FCS fetal calf serum - RPMI 1640 nutrient solution - ATCC American Tissue Culture Collection Correspondence to: E. Weimann     

恒猴精索内注射长效局麻药后对睾丸和附睾的影响

在13只恒河猴精索内注射长效局麻药后,睾丸发生明显变化;而且给药剂量不同,睾丸曲精小管改变的程度和恢复正常的时间亦不同。睾丸间质细胞无明显变化;睾酮分泌不减少,无毒性反应。对临床男性节育应用及生殖生理研究均具有意义。     

Effects of food deprivation on cocaine base smoking in rhesus monkeys

Studies have shown that both food deprivation and response cost have important influences on the magnitude of self-administration of a wide variety of psychoactive drugs. In an attempt to extend these findings to the smoked route of drug self-administration, the effects of food allotment and fixed-ratio (FR) value were evaluated in four male rhesus monkeys trained to smoke cocaine base. In the first phase of the experiment, monkeys were trained to self-administer smoked cocaine base under a chained progressive-ratio (PR), fixed-ratio (FR) schedule during daily experimental sessions. Monkeys were required to make 20 lever-press responses and then five inhalations on a smoking spout to obtain the first smoke delivery. The lever ratio then increased to 60, 140, 300, 620, 1260, 2540, and 4940 for each successive smoke delivery. The initial lever ratio value was reset to 20 at the beginning of each daily session. The body weights of three monkeys were determined under free-feeding conditions. Monkeys were then restricted to 100 g food and, when body weights had stabilized, the daily food allotment was increased to 150 g, approximately 210 g, or greater than 400 g (satiation). As the daily food allotment and body weight increased, the mean number of smoke deliveries decreased in two of three monkeys. In the second phase of the experiment, three monkeys were maintained under either food-satiated or food-restricted conditions. Body weights were maintained at approximately 90% of their free-feeding weights under food-restricted conditions. The cost of the drug (lever FR value) was constant within each experimental session, but was increased after 3 consecutive days of stable responding. Fixed-ratio values were increased from 128 to 256, 512, 1024, and 2048. Monkeys were required to complete the lever FR value and then to make five inhalations on the smoking spout to gain access to 1.0 mg/kg per delivery cocaine base. The mean number of smoke deliveries increased at FR 256, 512, and 1024 when monkeys were food-restricted as opposed to food-satiated. Correspondingly, the mean number of responses increased under food-restricted conditions. Responding continued to increase over a wider range of FR values, and the peak number of responses was higher under food-restricted, as opposed to food-satiated conditions. These results, using the smoking route of administration, are consistent with the hypothesis that food deprivation increases the self-administration of reinforcing drugs.     

Single unit activity in the auditory cortex of a monkey performing a short term memory task

Summary Short term memory to tones (STMT) was investigated by recording single unit activity in the auditory cortex of a behaving monkey. The activity of each unit was studied in two behavioral conditions: a) During task performance, the monkey had to compare two tones separated by one second of silence (inter-stimulus interval), b) During a nonperforming period; the monkey heard the two tones but did not respond behaviorally. It was noted that the firing rate of many units during the inter-stimulus interval (ISI) was dependent on the frequency of the first tone. Such dependency was observed even towards the end of the ISI, both during task performance trials (50% of the units) and during the nonperforming period (32% of the units). The activity of these units could be the basis of STMT in both of these behavioral states. In 65% of all the units tested, the responses during the ISI were of a higher magnitude in the performance period than were the responses in the non-performance period. The activity of these units may be related either to general processes such as attention and expectation or to short-term memory processes. During task performance, the responses of 23% of the units to the second tone were dependent on whether its frequency was identical to that of the first tone. Such dependency was never observed during the non-performing period. These units may detect similarity or non similarity between two tones presented one second apart. Periodic patterns of firing were not found in the study, thus suggesting that the ISI responses were not generated by reverberatory activity in simple closed loops. On the basis of these results, several alternative mechanisms of STMT are suggested.     

Pulpal reactions to glutaraldehyde and paraformaldehyde pulpotomy dressings in monkey primary teeth

Abstract Pulpotomy was performed in primary teeth of 4 vervet monkeys to compare the effect of an experimental dressing containing glutaraldehyde (GL) to a similar formula with paraformaldehyde (PF). Forty teeth were examined histologically 2 weeks to 5 months post-operatively. In the PF group, calcifications were more frequently observed and the central core of tissue in the root canal was heavily laden with debris. Pathologic apical resorption and lesions were more frequent. The pulp in the apical third of the root canal was usually uninflamed in the GL group and peripheral calcifications were seldom observed in it. Reaction to GL seemed, therefore, more favorable clinically. Defects were not observed in the permanent teeth that erupted following shedding or extraction of the experimental primary ones of either group.     

Comparison of the reinforcing efficacy of cocaine and procaine in rhesus monkeys responding under a progressive-ratio schedule

Rhesus monkeys (n=5) were prepared with chronic IV catheters and trained to lever press under a PR schedule of drug injection. The schedule consisted of five components, each made up of four trials (i.e., 20 trials total). Each trial within a component had the same response requirement. The response requirement in the first component was 120/trial and doubled in successive components to a maximum of 1920 in the fifth. A trial ended with an injection or the expiration of a 12-min limited hold (LH). The inter-trial interval (ITI) was 15 or 30 min. Following an injection or expiration of the LH, all stimulus lights were extinguished and responding had no consequence for the remainder of the trial. A session ended when either all 20 injections were self-administered or the response requirement was not met within the LH for two consecutive trials. The number of injections/session and responses/session increased with dose for cocaine (0.012–0.1 mg/kg per injection) and procaine (0.12–2.0 mg/kg per injection) at both ITI values. At the 15-min ITI, responding decreased again at higher doses in some monkeys with cocaine and in all monkeys with procaine. At maximum, cocaine maintained significantly more injections and responses/session when the ITI was 30 min than when it was 15 min. In contrast, the increase in ITI did not increase the maximum maintained by procaine. Cocaine was approximately 10-fold more potent than procaine and maintained at maximum significantly more injections and responses than procaine when the ITI was 30 min but not when the ITI was 15 min. These results are consistent with previous studies demonstrating that cocaine is a more efficacious positive reinforcer than procaine. Moreover, they extend recent findings suggesting that number of injections/session provides a measure of PR performance that is amenable to statistical analysis and may, therefore, be useful in establishing reliable differences among drugs in terms of relative reinforcing efficacy. Reliable quantification of between-drug differences in reinforcing efficacy can enhance not only estimates of relative abuse liability but also pharmacological analysis of central mechanisms mediating reinforcing effects.     

Oral self-administration of etonitazene in rhesus monkeys: Use of a fading procedure to establish etonitazene as a reinforcer

The establishment of orally delivered etonitazene (a potent opioid) as a reinforcer, was studied in eight rhesus monkeys. Initially, when given concurrent access to 2.5 μg/ml etonitazene and the water vehicle, five of the monkeys rejected the drug, whereas the other three monkeys consumed more drug solution than water. The five monkeys that rejected the drug solution underwent an acquisition phase to establish the drug as a reinforcer. A fading procedure was used to transfer control of responding from a 2% (wt/vol) ethanol solution to a 2.5 μg/ml etonitazene solution. Initially, responding was maintained by contingent deliveries of 2% ethanol. Next, across blocks of six or more sessions, increasing amounts of etonitazene were added in steps to the 2% ethanol solution. Subsequently, the 2% ethanol solution was decreased in steps to zero, leaving only the 2.5 μg/ml etonitazene present. When the fading procedure was completed, dose of etonitazene was varied by increasing the volume delivered, first under fixed ratio (FR 4) and then under an FR 8 reinforcement schedule. The same dose manipulations were made with the three monkeys who did not undergo the fading procedure because they preferred etonitazene over water when first tested. Etonitazene was established as a reinforcer for six of the eight monkeys because drug deliveries exceeded vehicle deliveries across a range of drug doses.     

猕猴实验性脑动脉硬化扫描电镜观察

本实验表明,猕猴高脂造型22—28个月,其大脑中动脉(Middle Cerebral Artery:MCA)内皮发生水肿、细胞间隙变宽,局部破裂等改变,中膜平滑肌细胞增生、迁移。老年高脂组病损程度较重,且中央支也表现出类似改变。结果提示,高血脂可以引起脑动脉硬化性改变,且病损程度与年龄因素密切相关。     

猕猴组织工程化骨异体植入修复骨缺损T淋巴细胞亚群的检测

目的　通过对T淋巴细胞亚群的检测 ,从免疫学方面探讨同种异体细胞来源的组织工程化骨植入猕猴体内修复长段骨缺损的可行性。方法　用骨髓基质干细胞 (MSCs)经诱导分化为成骨样细胞后与生物衍生骨材料复合培养 ,体外构建组织工程化骨 ,植入 15只异体猕猴体内桥接桡骨 2 .5cm节段骨缺损作为实验组 ;用单纯生物衍生骨材料桥接对侧同样大小骨缺损作为对照组 ;分别于术后 1、2、3、6、12周抽取静脉血和作双侧局部组织取材 ,样本应用流式细胞术检测T淋巴细胞亚群CD3 /CD4 /CD45 、CD3 /CD8 /CD45 和CD2 8 阳性率。结果　术后第 1、2、3、6、12周实验组和对照组T淋巴细胞亚群CD3 /CD4 /CD45 、CD3 /CD8 /CD45 和CD2 8 阳性率两者差异均无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论　生物衍生骨材料和猕猴MSCs复合构建组织工程化骨植入异体猕猴体内其术后 12周内免疫反应水平低 ,可用以修复猕猴节段骨缺损。