木豆叶中黄酮微波提取工艺研究

目的 选取适合提取木豆叶中黄酮的方法,并优化提取工艺参数。方法 以木豆叶中荭草苷、木犀草素和总黄酮的提取率及提取物抗氧化活性为指标,将微波辅助提取与热回流、超声波及浸泡提取方法相比较,并采用中心组合设计对影响荭草苷和木犀草素提取效果的微波辅助提取工艺参数进行了优化。结果 通过比较确定微波辅助提取法较为适合木豆叶中黄酮的提取;优化得到荭草苷和木犀草素最佳微波提取工艺参数为：木豆叶粒径为50目,乙醇体积分数为80%,料液比1∶20,提取温度60 ℃,提取次数4次,提取时间10 min,微波功率500 W;荭草苷和木犀草素的提取率分别为（4.42±0.01）、（0.10±0.01）mg/g。结论 采用微波辅助提取木豆叶中的黄酮具有提取时间短、提取率高、产物抗氧化效果好的特点,优化的工艺参数具有可行性和实际应用价值。     

The kinetics of reversal of pre-sickled erythrocytes by the aqueous extract of Cajanus cajan seeds

The aqueous methanol extract (3:1, v/v) of the seeds of Cajanus cajan was investigated for antisickling properties. The extract possessed significant antisickling activity and was found to be concentration-dependent. The kinetics of reversal of presickled erythrocyte (HbSS) cells using the extract at 0.5 mg/mL, 1.0 mg/mL, 1.5 mg/mL, 2.0 mg/mL and 2.5 mg/mL showed first-order kinetics with rate constants of 5.833 x 10(-3) min(-1), 6.143 x 10(-3) min(-1), 5.957 x 10(-3) min(-1) 6.00 x 10(-3) min(-1) and 6.046 x 10(-3) min(-1), respectively, and with an average half-life 115.6 min. Phytochemical screening of the extract revealed the presence of free amino acids, phenolic compounds, tannins, globulins and saponins. These results show that the extract has potential use in the management of painful episodes experienced by sickle cell patients.     

Cajanus indicus leaf protein: Beneficial role in experimental organ pathophysiology. A review

The herb, Cajanus indicus L, has been and is popular for its medicinal value in India and other countries for long. The herb is mainly cultivated for the seeds which are used as pulses and are rich in proteins. People of rural India and some neighboring countries use the aqueous extract of the leaves of the herb against poor liver function and recently it has been found that the extract is not only useful against liver damage but also beneficial for renal failure and a number of other pathophysiological conditions. Intraperitoneal administration of the aqueous protein fraction of the leaves has shown hepatoprotective activity in mice. The protein fraction revealed the presence of a 43 kDa protein having antioxidant and other protective properties in organ pathophysiology. The purified protein, CI-protein, scavenges free radicals generated by different free radical inducers and helps providing cytoprotection. Amino acid sequence of CI-protein has some structural similarity with plastocyanin, an electron carrier protein in photosynthesis. The protein has also been found to be active against a number of organ dysfunction inducer chemicals and drugs, like carbon tetrachloride, thioacetamide and acetaminophen. Signal transduction studies suggest that CI-protein exerts its protective action by free radical scavenging and antioxidative properties; it activates NF-κB and Akt without any involvement of ERK1/ERK2 and STAT-3 in acetaminophen induced hepatic pathophysiology. Besides, it reduces both drug and toxin induced cytotoxicity by decreasing the formation and/or scavenging of free radicals involving cytochrome P450, taking part in detoxification of xenobiotics.     

木豆叶总芪对高脂模型兔的降脂作用及调节机制

目的研究木豆叶总芪(TSC)对高脂模型兔脂质代谢的影响及可能的分子机制。方法将36只雄性新西兰兔分为对照,模型,TSC高、中、低剂量和血脂康6组,于0、2和6周末测血脂,6周末测肝脏脂质并行病理学检测;将THP-1细胞诱导成巨噬细胞,用[3H]胆固醇预处理48 h后分为对照、木豆叶总芪单体成分C03高、中、低剂量和雌二醇5组,作用24 h后加入apoAI作用12 h,检测各组上清液和细胞内[3H]胆固醇含量,计算细胞胆固醇流出率,Western blot检测各组细胞ABCA1表达。结果与模型组相比,TSC高剂量使兔血清和肝脏TC分别下降35.36%和35.97%(P<0.01),TG分别下降12.34%(P<0.05)和41.32%(P<0.01),血清LDL-C下降29.07%(P<0.01);HE染色:TSC高剂量组肝脂肪病变明显轻于模型组。C03高、中剂量作用后细胞胆固醇外流率分别提高55.39%和24.97%(P<0.01)。C03高剂量使ABCA1蛋白表达显著增加。结论 TSC能抑制高脂饮食所致高脂血症,其降脂作用可能与上调细胞ABCA1表达,进而促进胆固醇逆转运有关。     

JARRAH MID GIRTH TABLES

The visual symptoms caused by deficiency of calcium, magnesium, potassium, and nitrogen in seedligs of Pinus radiata Don., grown in sand, ere described.

In the treatment in which phosphorus was omitted from the nutrient solution, the plants grew very slowly at first but later their growth rate was rapid. Since the sand in which the plants were growing contained some apatite, it is believed that the mycorrjhizal fungus was able to mobilize phosphorus from the apatite and make it available to the pines.     

Determination of pinostrobin in rat plasma by LC-MS/MS: application to pharmacokinetics

A rapid and sensitive method for the determination of pinostrobin in rat plasma was developed using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for the first time. Isoliquiritigenin was used as an internal standard in rat plasma. Chromatographic separation was performed on an HiQ Sil C₁₈ column with isocratic elution at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. The mobile phase consisted of water and methanol (9:91, v/v) containing 0.1% formic acid. The quantification limit was 10 ng/mL within a linear range of 10-1000 ng/mL (R = 0.9984). The intra- and inter-day assay precision ranged from 3.8-5.3% to 3.2-5.2%, respectively, and the intra- and inter-day assay accuracy was between 93.2-95.1% and 95.5-104.3%, respectively. Our results indicated that the LC-MS/MS method is effective for pharmacokinetic study of pinostrobin in rat plasma.     

Ethnobotanical survey and cytotoxicity testing of plants of South-western Nigeria used to treat cancer,with isolation of cytotoxic constituents from Cajanus cajan Millsp. leaves

Ethnopharmacological relevance

There is only scant literature on the anticancer components of medicinal plants from Nigeria, yet traditional healers in the area under study claim to have been managing the disease in their patients with some success using the species studied.

Aim of study

To document plants commonly used to treat cancer in South-western Nigeria and to test the scientific basis of the claims using in vitro cytotoxicity tests.

Methods

Structured questionnaires were used to explore the ethnobotanical practices amongst the traditional healers. Methanol extracts of the most common species cited were screened for cytotoxicity using the sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay in both exposure and recovery experiments. Three cancer cell lines (human breast adenocarcinoma cell line MCF-7, human large cell lung carcinoma cell line COR-L23 and human amelanotic melanoma C32) and one normal cell line (normal human keratinocytes SVK-14) were used for the screening of the extracts and the fractions obtained. The extract of Cajanus cajan showed considerable activity and was further partitioned and the dichloromethane fraction was subjected to preparative chomatography to yield six compounds: hexadecanoic acid methyl ester, α-amyrin, β-sitosterol, pinostrobin, longistylin A and longistylin C. Pinostrobin and longistylins A and C were tested for cytotoxicity on the cancer cell lines. In addition, an adriamycin-sensitive acute T-lymphoblastic leukaemia cell line (CCRF-CEM) and its multidrug-resistant sub-line (CEM/ADR5000) were used in an XTT assay to evaluate the activity of the pure compounds obtained.

Results

A total of 30 healers from S W Nigeria were involved in the study. 45 species were recorded with their local names with parts used in the traditional therapeutic preparations. Cytotoxicity (IC₅₀ values less than 50 μg/mL) was observed in 5 species (Acanthospermum hispidum, Cajanus cajan, Morinda lucida, Nymphaea lotus and Pycnanthus angolensis). Acanthospermum hispidum and Cajanus cajan were the most active. The dichloromethane fraction of Cajanus cajan had IC₅₀ value 5–10 μg/mL, with the two constituent stilbenes, longistylins A and C, being primarily responsible, with IC₅₀ values of 0.7–14.7 μM against the range of cancer cell lines.

Conclusions

Most of the species tested had some cytotoxic effect on the cancer cell lines, which to some extent supports their traditional inclusion in herbal preparations for treatment of cancer. However, little selectivity for cancer cells was observed, which raises concerns over their safety and efficacy in traditional treatment. The longistylins A and C appear to be responsible for much of the activity of Cajanus cajan extract.     

木豆叶水提物抗脑缺血缺氧损伤的作用研究

目的探讨木豆叶水提物对脑缺血、缺氧损伤的保护作用。方法采用急性脑缺血再灌注模型法观察小鼠脑缺血后脑组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)及过氧化脂质(MDA)的含量;采用急性脑缺血模型法观察大鼠脑缺血后脑组织的含水量、脑指数及脑毛细血管伊文思蓝的渗出量;采用小鼠断头法观察小鼠断头喘气时间。结果木豆叶水提物可显著降低急性脑缺血再灌注模型小鼠脑内MDA的含量,而SOD活力则显著提高,P<0.01;显著减少急性脑缺血模型大鼠脑组织的含水量及脑指数,P<0.05～0.01;显著减少急性脑缺血模型大鼠脑毛细血管伊文思蓝的渗出量,P<0.01;明显延长小鼠断头喘气时间,P<0.01。结论木豆叶水提物对大鼠、小鼠脑缺血、缺氧损伤均有一定的保护作用。     

木豆叶提取物对人的类成骨细胞TE85成骨功能和体外破骨细胞分化的影响

木豆素是从天然植物木豆叶中提取的单体化合物，结构类似乙烯雌酚。本文观察木豆素及4种木豆叶提取物总成分(32-1，35-1，35-2和35-3)对人的类成骨细胞HOS TE85成骨功能、间质矿化及体外破骨细胞分化的影响。以木豆叶提取物作用于细胞48 h，观察细胞增殖、³H-脯氨酸掺入量及碱性磷酸酶活性；用抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(TRAP)染色法观察体外破骨细胞形成；作用于细胞18 d，用茜素红染色法观察细胞间质矿化。结果表明，作用于细胞48 h后，木豆素可促进细胞增殖，在1×10^-8 g·mL^-1时细胞数增加57.7%，³H-脯氨酸掺入量增加98.5%。35-1和35-3还可明显增加碱性磷酸酶活性。长时程作用后，32-1和35-3可明显增加成骨细胞间质矿化程度。木豆素(1×10^-7 g·mL^-1)对破骨细胞形成有明显的抑制作用，抑制率为22.8%，32-1(1×10^-7 g·mL^-1)的抑制率为37.9%。木豆素及木豆叶提取物都具有刺激成骨细胞骨形成、促进细胞间质矿化及抑制破骨细胞形成的活性，提示木豆素在骨细胞上有类雌激素样作用，具有抗骨质疏松新药的研究前景。