Efficacy of atropine,orthokeratology, and combined atropine with orthokeratology for childhood myopia: A systematic review and network meta-analysis

Background/PurposeOrthokeratology (Ortho-K), atropine eye drops and combined atropine with Ortho-K are proven to be effective ways to prevent myopic progression in many studies, but there is scarce evidence regarding the comparative efficacy of different dosages of atropine,Ortho-K, and combined atropine with Ortho-K for childhood myopia.MethodsWe performed a network meta-analysis (NMA) to assess the relative efficacy of the aforementioned interventions for myopic progression; moreover, we calculated the surface under cumulative ranking area (SUCRA) to determine the relative ranking of treatments.ResultsWe identified 19 randomized controlled trials (3435 patients). NMA revealed that 0.01%–1% atropine, Ortho-K, and 0.01% atropine combined with Ortho-K inhibited axial elongation (AL) over one year. For refractive change, SUCRA analysis revealed that the hierarchy was high-dose (0.5%–1%), moderate-dose (0.1%–0.25%), and low-dose (0.01%–0.05%) atropine. Regarding AL, SUCRA analysis revealed the following hierarchy: Ortho-K combined with 0.01% atropine, high-dose atropine, moderate-dose atropine, Ortho-K, and low-dose atropine.ConclusionIn conclusion, we found that atropine (0.01%–1%), Ortho-K, and 0.01% atropine combined with Ortho-K could significantly slow down myopia progression. The atropine efficacy followed a dose-related pattern; moreover, Ortho-K and low-dose atropine showed similar efficacy. There was a synergistic effect of using 0.01% atropine combined with Ortho-K, and it showed comparable efficacy to that of high-dose atropine.     

Legal issues in contact lens practice with special reference to the practice of orthokeratology

This report aims to encourage optometrists to reflect on the legal implications of clinical contact lens practice, with particular reference to the practice of orthokeratology (ortho-k), which has seen a recent revival of interest. A patient may claim compensation if an optometrist is negligent by breaching his duty to exercise reasonable care and skill in diagnosis, advice or treatment. However, the optometrist will only be liable for reasonably foreseeable harm to the patient, so practitioners need to be fully aware of the foreseeable risks. Failure to adequately inform the patient may lead to a claim for negligence, if disclosure of the risks would have influenced the patient's decision to undergo or forego the procedure. It is important that the professional bodies establish guidelines on acceptable practice, with particular emphasis on the provision of information to patients. Reasonable disclosure, use of appropriate information/consent forms, and proper documentation of cases, should all focus on the needs of, and benefits to, patients.     

Practice of orthokeratology by a group of contact lens practitioners in Hong Kong

Purpose: The aim of the study was to provide information about the characteristics of three main types of orthokeratology (ortho‐k) lenses used in Hong Kong and to report on their performance based on the clinical impressions of a group of ortho‐k practitioners. Method: Twelve ortho‐k practitioners were interviewed between 1 March and 30 June 2001. Results: Most ortho‐k lenses were ordered from three manufacturers: DreimLens, Fargo and Contex. The median maximum myopia reduction reported for DreimLens, Contex and Fargo lenses were 6.25 D, 6.00 D and 4.50 D respectively. The time to reduce myopia by up to 4.00 D could be up to three weeks for Contex and DreimLens and up to four weeks for Fargo. For reduction of myopia by up to 4.00 D, the treatment usually required only one or two lenses per eye for all three types of lenses. The incidence of lens binding and lens tightening after achieving the optimal reduction was reported to be higher with the DreimLens design. Good centration, less lens binding, relatively lower incidence of complications and lens tightening after achieving the optimal reduction were reported with the Fargo lenses. Conclusions: DreimLens tended to be more effective for myopia reduction. However, some practitioners were concerned with the aggressiveness of myopia reduction using this lens design and the higher potential for ocular complications. Selection of the lens design is dependent on various factors, in particular, practitioners need to be comfortable with the design they choose and to consider the needs of their patients and the final goal of the treatment.     

角膜塑形镜控制中小学生近视有效性和安全性Meta分析

目的 系统评价角膜塑形镜对中小学生轻中度近视延缓的有效性和安全性。方法 检索The Cochrane Library、PubMed、EMbase、CBM、CNKI、WanFang Data和VIP等数据库,语言限定为中英文。采用Cochrane手册提供的偏倚风险评价工具和改良JADAD评分量表评价纳入文献质量;采用漏斗图检测纳入文献的发表偏倚;采用RevMan5.4软件进行Meta分析。结果 共有12篇文献符合纳入排除标准,包含1 908例研究对象。Meta分析结果显示: 佩戴角膜塑形镜后,裸眼视力有所提高[1年:MD=0.40,95%CI(0.05～0.74),P=0.02];角膜曲率有所下降[1年:MD=-3.21,95%CI=(-3.64～-2.79),P＜0.01];屈光度增长得到了有效控制[1年:MD=-3.19,95%CI=(-4.42～-1.95),P＜0.01;2年:MD=-3.61,95%CI=(-5.78～-1.43),P＜0.01];眼轴增长有所控制[1年:MD=-0.73,95%CI=(-1.43～-0.03),P=0.04;2年:MD=-1.15,95%CI=(-2.25～-0.06),P=0.04];眼轴变化量有所下降[1年:MD=-0.42,95%CI=(-0.64～-0.21),P＜0.01;2年:MD=-0.53,95%CI=(-0.96～-0.11),P=0.01]。结论 角膜塑形镜能够延缓中小学生轻中度近视的进展,且较为安全。     

停止配戴角膜塑形镜后眼部参数的变化及相关性

【目的】观察配戴角膜塑形镜1年并停戴1月后的屈光状态和角膜前表面参数的恢复情况,并分析屈光度变化的相关因素。【方法】回顾性病例研究。收集66例（66眼）配戴角膜塑形镜并自愿停戴的8~15岁近视儿童,配戴时间约1年,平均13（S=3）月,停戴平均29（S=4）d。观察戴镜前及停戴1月的屈光度、眼轴、眼压、前房深度及角膜地形图参数,采用配对t检验和Pearson相关性分析停戴后的各参数变化及其相关性。【结果】与配戴角膜塑形镜前相比,停戴1月后的等效球镜度增长了-0.13（-0.50~0.00）D（P<0.001）,其中柱镜度数增长了0.00（-0.25~0.00）D,（P=0.013）。停戴1月的角膜陡峭K值、平坦K值、平坦和陡峭偏心率较戴镜前分别减少了0.10（-0.10~0.30）D、0.20（0.00~0.48）D、-0.10（-0.30~0.20）D,（P1=0.001、P2<0.001、P3=0.015）。戴角膜塑形镜1年并停戴1月后屈光度增长量（Y）仅与眼轴增长值（X）具有密切联系,并建立回归方程＾y=-1.294X+0.095（P<0.001）。【结论】儿童停戴角膜塑形镜1月后的屈光状态已经超过戴镜前水平,角膜前表面形态基本恢复到戴镜前的初始形态。     

长期单眼配戴角膜塑形镜对眼表的影响

目的：探讨持续单眼配戴角膜塑形镜对眼表的影响。

方法：回顾性研究2013-01/2015-12在无锡市101医院眼科门诊就诊的单眼近视眼(对侧眼为正视眼)持续配戴角膜塑形镜6mo以上的患者。观察戴镜眼和非戴镜眼在戴镜前和戴镜后各时间点(1wk,1、3、6mo)的泪膜破裂时间、泪液基础分泌量、角膜中央厚度、角膜内皮细胞密度、结膜充血、角膜上皮荧光素染色的情况。

结果：单眼持续配戴角膜塑形镜患者共53例,年龄10.43±1.70岁,等效球镜度-3.37±1.50D。戴镜眼戴镜1wk泪膜破裂时间缩短,戴镜后1wk与戴镜后1、3、6mo泪膜破裂时间相比,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05); 非戴镜眼泪膜破裂时间各时间点无明显差异(P>0.05)。戴镜眼和非戴镜眼戴镜后各时间点泪液基础分泌量与戴镜前相比,差异均不明显(P>0.05)。戴镜后各时间点角膜中央厚度和角膜内皮细胞密度与戴镜前比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。戴镜眼角膜上皮染色主要为Ⅰ级点染,Ⅰ级点染在戴镜后1wk,1、3、6mo分别为10眼(19%)、6眼(11%)、8眼(15%)、6眼(11%),Ⅱ级点染分别为1眼(2%)、0眼、0眼、1眼(2%)。10例患者戴镜后会出现结膜充血(评分1分)。所有病例在及时停戴、使用抗生素及角膜修复剂后,角膜上皮点状染色均消失,结膜充血消退。非戴镜眼观察期内未见明显结膜充血,角膜上皮染色均为0级。

结论：持续配戴角膜塑形镜会引起泪膜稳定性的下降,结膜、角膜上皮会出现不同程度的影响,但对泪液分泌、角膜厚度和角膜内皮细胞无明显影响。非戴镜眼无明显眼表损害。     

角膜塑形镜对青少年近视发展的影响因素回归分析

目的：探讨角膜塑形镜控制青少年近视发展的影响因素。
　　方法：回顾性分析2012-11/2013-11在我院进行角膜塑形术患者86例169眼,治疗2 a后,屈光度增加>-0.25 D以上的为控制无效组(54眼),屈光度增加≤-0.25D为控制有效组(115眼),比较两组患者各因素差异。
　　结果：(1)单因素比较结果显示,两组患者在性别、曾经戴框架眼镜、治疗前角膜横径、中央角膜厚度、眼压以及前房深度上差异不存在统计学意义(P>0.05);而年龄、治疗前屈光度、角膜曲率以及基础眼轴四个因素上差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);(2)多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,基础眼轴、年龄以及角膜曲率进入回归模型(P<0.05),为影响角膜塑形镜控制青少年近视发展疗效的独立影响因素。
　　结论：基础眼轴、年龄以及角膜曲率为影响角膜塑形镜控制青少年近视发展疗效的独立影响因素,基础眼轴越长、年龄越大、角膜曲率越大的青少年患者,角膜塑形镜对控制其近视发展的效果越好。     

三种不同干预方法对近视儿童调节参数及屈光度的影响

目的：通过观察低浓度阿托品、角膜塑形镜、框架眼镜对包头市近视儿童的控制效果,分析其近视相关调节参数的变化规律,为近视防控提供依据。

方法：选取2018-06/12在包头医学院第一附属医院眼科门诊就诊的8～14岁近视儿童120例240眼,分为低浓度阿托品组、角膜塑形镜组和框架眼镜组,并在1、3、6、12mo分别对调节滞后量、正相对调节、负相对调节及屈光度进行随访。

结果：随访3、6、12mo,低浓度阿托品组与角膜塑形镜调节滞后量有差异(P<0.05); 随访6、12mo时,角膜塑形镜组与框架眼镜组调节滞后量有差异(P<0.05)。随访3、6、12mo时,低浓度阿托品组与角膜塑形镜组、框架眼镜组负相对调节均有差异(P<0.05)。在各随访时间点角膜塑形镜组与低浓度阿托品组、框架眼镜组正相对调节均有差异(P<0.05)。随访6、12mo,低浓度阿托品组与框架眼镜组屈光度有差异(P<0.05); 随访12mo,角膜塑形镜组与框架眼镜组屈光度有差异(P<0.05)。

结论：角膜塑形镜可以通过降低调节滞后量,解决远视离焦的问题,同时还可以提高正相对调节,但需要长期坚持配戴。低浓度阿托品可以提高负相对调节,但可能有其他途径来控制近视的发展。相较其它组而言,框架眼镜对于各调节指标影响较小,对近视的控制效果并不显著。