Lower incidence of hospital-treated infections in infants under 3 months of age vaccinated with BCG

BackgroundLive vaccines potentially have non-specific effects that protect against other infections than those the vaccines are targeted against. The national vaccination program (NVP) in Finland was changed on September 1st, 2006: before BCG vaccine was given to all newborn babies and afterwards to babies in risk groups only. We used this natural experiment to study the non-specific effects of BCG in the frame of NVP using before-after design.MethodsWe compared the incidence of several outcomes obtained from Finnish health registers between children born between July 1st, 2004, and June 30th, 2006 (BCG-eligible) and an age- and season-matched reference cohort born between July 1st, 2007, and June 30th, 2009 (BCG-non-eligible) using Poisson regression. These cohorts were restricted to full-term children whose parents were born in Finland. Follow-up began at birth and lasted 3 months, which is the scheduled age for DTaP-IPV-Hib vaccination, and from 4 months until first birthday. The outcomes included all infections, pneumonia and injuries as a negative control outcome.ResultsThe incidence rate ratio (IRR) of the BCG-eligible cohort (N = 93,658) compared to BCG-non-eligible cohort (N = 94,712) for hospital-diagnosed infections was 0.89 (95 %Cl 0.86–0.93) for the 3-month follow-up. The decrease was mainly caused by respiratory infections. In 4–12 months follow-up the BCG-eligible had slightly more infections than BCG-non-eligible children (IRR 1.03, 1.01–1.06).ConclusionsBCG vaccination was associated with a lower incidence of all hospital-diagnosed infections during the first three months of life. The difference cannot be attributed to lung tuberculosis, since only few paediatric cases occurred in Finland during 2000s. The disappearance of non-specific effect after administration of an inactivated vaccine is compatible with previous studies.     

Clinical manifestations and radiological features by chest computed tomographic findings of a novel coronavirus disease-19 pneumonia among 92 patients in Japan

IntroductionThe novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) could cause a severe acute respiratory infectious disease, showing a high mortality rate of 12–45% among cases who required intensive care unit admission. COVID-19 pneumoniaPatients and methodsFor the purpose of identifying clinical manifestations and radiological findings of COVID-19 pneumonia, we reviewed all cases of COVID-19 pneumonia which were published by the homepage of the Japanese Association for Infectious Diseases from Feb 5 2020 until April 30 2020, including our cases. All patients were diagnosed based on positive results of the novel coronavirus-real-time RT-PCR with chest computed tomography (CT) findings.ResultsA total of 92 patients were enrolled in this study. The median age was 66 years (range 16–92 years). For all, 50 (54%) were males. The most common underlying disease was hypertension in 32 (36%). Any comorbidity was seen in 60 (67%). The mortality rate was 4 (6%). In terms of clinical symptoms on an initial visit, fever and cough were confirmed in 66 (72%) and 37 (40%). Forty-three (47%) had no respiratory symptoms. As for radiological findings by chest CT scan, ground-glass opacities (GGO)s, peripheral distribution, bilateral lung involvements were seen in 88 (96%), 76 (83%) and 78 (85%), respectively.ConclusionIt is difficult to diagnose as COVID-19 pneumonia due to poor respiratory symptoms. Chest CT findings typically show GGO, peripheral and bilateral shadows. Patients should have chest CT performed if suspected for early diagnosis and therapeutic intervention, resulting in a favorable outcome and prevention of secondary nosocomial transmitted infection.     

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情下喉镜检查的防护策略

目的探讨新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID 19）疫情下耳鼻咽喉头颈外科喉镜室如何做好防护工作，在保证临床诊疗工作顺利完成的同时保护好医务人员及患者健康、避免院内交叉感染。方法本研究查阅相关资料并总结医院的疫情防控经验及应对策略，在患者合理分流、喉镜室工作环境的布置及工作人员的个人防护、喉镜检查前的准备工作、检查中的操作流程及注意事项及检查后的清洁消毒工作等方面做好疫情期间周详合理的工作安排。结果疫情期间，耳鼻咽喉头颈外科喉镜室每日临床工作顺利完成，所有医务人员及患者均未感染新型冠状病毒，也未出现其他院内交叉感染。结论耳鼻咽喉头颈外科喉镜室的防护策略合理有效，能够在完成临床诊疗工作的同时有效保护医患的健康。     

2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in Taiwan: Reports of two cases from Wuhan,China

We reported two cases with community-acquired pneumonia caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) who returned from Wuhan, China in January, 2020. The reported cases highlight non-specific clinical presentations of 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) as well as the importance of rapid laboratory-based diagnosis.     

Retrospective study of pneumonia due to Panton-Valentine leukocidin-producing Staphylococcus aureus in Reunion

ObjectivePanton-Valentine leukocidin-producing Staphylococcus aureus necrotizing pneumonia is an unusual cause of community-acquired pneumonia, although associated with a high case fatality. This infection mainly affects young individuals, without any history, and is most often preceded by flu-like symptoms.MethodWe focused on patients presenting with Staphylococcus aureus necrotizing pneumonia in Reunion (Indian Ocean) admitted to the emergency department. We performed a retrospective study based on data collected from laboratory registers and medical files of patients presenting with Staphylococcus aureus necrotizing pneumonia in Reunion between December 2014 and December 2017.ResultsA total of 16 patients were recruited for this study, with a median age of 40.5 years. More than half of patients had previously been admitted to the emergency department for acute respiratory distress syndrome or severe sepsis. Fourteen patients were admitted to the intensive care unit and six patients died (five premature deaths).ConclusionPhysicians should be aware of this infection during the flu season and quickly adapt the specific antibiotic treatment, including a drug inhibiting toxin production. As methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is very rarely observed in Reunion, physicians can still adapt the empirical treatment, without glycopeptides.     

宣白承气汤单独用药及联合用药治疗肺炎痰热壅肺证Meta分析

目的:系统评价宣白承气汤单用及联合用药治疗肺炎痰热壅肺证的临床疗效。方法:检索CNKI、万方、CBM、PubMed等数据库,筛选宣白承气汤治疗肺炎的随机对照试验(RCT),运用Cochrane协作网偏倚风险评价工具进行文献质量评价,使用Revman 5.3 软件进行Meta分析。结果:最终纳入16项研究,共1393例患者,纳入文献质量不高。Meta分析结果表明,与单纯西医治疗相比,使用宣白承气汤可明显提高肺炎痰热壅肺证的临床总有效率[RR=1.29,95%,CI(1.22,1.36),P<0.00001],且亚组分析显示单用或联用宣白承气汤的组间差异无统计学意义; 可明显改善APACHE II评分、CPIS评分,明显降低炎症因子水平,改善中医证候积分。结论:宣白承气汤可有效治疗肺炎痰热壅肺证,但鉴于纳入临床研究在质量上存在一定局限性,得出的阳性结果仅作为临床诊疗的提示与参考,急需开展更多的高质量大规模的RCT来进一步验证。     

真菌性、细菌性和病毒性肺炎的若干凝血指标变化分析

探讨真菌性、细菌性和病毒性肺炎的若干凝血指标差异性研究。方法 回顾性分析2017 年7 月～2019 年11 月本院肺炎患者128 例与同期门诊健康体检者50 例，分析患者血浆纤维蛋白原（FIB）、凝血酶原时间（PT）和活化部分凝血酶时间（APTT）的水平。结果 三类肺炎组与对照组在FIB、PT 和APTT 水平比较，差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.01）；FIB、PT 水平与病原感染呈正相关，APTT 与病原感染呈负相关。结论FIB、PT、APTT 可以间接提示肺炎感染病原体类型，具有临床意义。     

肝移植术后巨细胞病毒性肺炎的临床特点和治疗方法

目的 探讨肝移植术后巨细胞病毒（CMV）性肺炎的临床特点和治疗方法。方法 回顾性分析2003年10月至2005年6月间施行肝移植的451例患者的临床资料，对肝移植术后CMV性肺炎的临床特点和治疗方法进行总结。结果 在451例患者中，发生CMV性肺炎7例，感染率为1．66％。CMV性肺炎的症状明显早于体征，7例患者均无明显诱因出现高热，约1周后逐渐出现干咳、气促、呼吸困难等；血氧饱和度降低，血气分析提示低氧血症；CMV pp65抗原检测均为阳性。CMV性肺炎患者采用更昔洛韦联合膦甲酸钠抗病毒治疗，同时采取停用免疫抑制剂、加用较大剂量的丙种球蛋白和适量的胸腺肽等的个体化免疫调节方案以及广谱抗生素等综合治疗方法，6例治愈，治愈率为85．7％。结论 CMV性肺炎的早期临床表现虽然缺乏特异性，但仍有规律可循，CMV pp65抗原检测法具有特异性和敏感性高的特点。采取联合抗病毒和个体化免疫调节等综合措施治疗CMV性肺炎效果确切。     

脑血管疾病合并肺部感染的病原学分析及抗生素治疗体会

目的:对脑血管疾病合并肺部感染的病因及病原学进行分析,初步探讨抗生素的合理应用.方法:对2003年1月-2006年11月收住我院的84例脑血管疾病合并肺部感染的患者进行病因学分析,根据呼吸道分泌物培养及药敏试验结果,分析抗生素治疗的效果及疾病转归.结果:脑血管疾病合并肺部感染患者假性球麻痹、意识障碍、低蛋白血症、慢性阻塞性肺部疾病、糖尿病、心脏疾病的发生率均＞30%.病原学分析提示居前3位的病原菌为肺炎克雷伯菌(47株,占27.3%)、铜绿假单胞菌(31株,占18.0%)和金黄色葡萄球菌(21株,占12.2%).其中金黄色葡萄球菌全部对万古霉素敏感,肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南、阿米卡星、头孢哌酮 舒巴坦、头孢他啶、环丙沙星等比较敏感,其中肺炎克雷伯菌对亚胺培南、阿米卡星、头孢哌酮 舒巴坦敏感性相对较高,铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南、环丙沙星、阿米卡星敏感性相对较高.结论:脑血管疾病合并肺部感染患者多合并高血压、慢性阻塞性肺疾病、糖尿病、心脏病,或出现假性球麻痹、意识障碍、营养状况不佳.脑血管疾病合并肺部感染的主要病原菌为G-杆菌,碳青霉烯类如亚胺培南、氨基糖甙类如阿米卡星、第三代头孢菌素头孢哌酮 舒巴坦、头孢他啶,奎诺酮类如环丙沙星在治疗脑血管病合并肺部感染时可作为经验性优先选用药物.     

老年人肺炎临床特征：附60例分析

老年肺炎患者免疫及机体的反应能力差,起病缓慢隐匿,缺乏典型症状与体征,并发病及伴发病多,治疗反应差,病死率高,诊断和治疗时均应考虑这些特点。