Impact of prior vaccination on antibody response and influenza-like illness among Australian healthcare workers after influenza vaccination in 2016

BackgroundEpidemiological studies suggest that influenza vaccine effectiveness decreases with repeated administration. We examined antibody responses to influenza vaccination among healthcare workers (HCWs) by prior vaccination history and determined the incidence of influenza infection.MethodsHCWs were vaccinated with the 2016 Southern Hemisphere quadrivalent influenza vaccine. Serum samples were collected pre-vaccination, 21–28 days and 7 months post-vaccination. Influenza antibody titres were measured at each time-point using the haemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay. Immunogenicity was compared by prior vaccination history.ResultsA total of 157 HCWs completed the study. The majority were frequently vaccinated, with only 5 reporting no prior vaccinations since 2011. Rises in titres for all vaccine strains among vaccine-naïve HCWs were significantly greater than rises observed for HCWs who received between 1 and 5 prior vaccinations (p < 0.001, respectively). Post-vaccination GMTs against influenza A but not B strains decreased as the number of prior vaccinations increased from 1 to 5. There was a significant decline in GMTs post-season for both B lineages. Sixty five (41%) HCWs reported at least one influenza-like illness episode, with 6 (4%) identified as influenza positive.ConclusionsVarying serological responses to influenza vaccination were observed among HCWs by prior vaccination history, with vaccine-naïve HCWs demonstrating greater post-vaccination responses against A(H3N2).     

广东省首次发现斑点热群立克次体的感染

本文采用微量间接免疫荧光方法首次在广东省大埔县、平远县和梅县１０１２名健康人中进行了斑点热群立克次体感染的血清流行病学调查。结果表明，三县西伯利亚立克次体的感染率平均为１６.９９％，其中大埔县为２８.４７％、平远县为２０.４６％、梅县为６.８％；康氏立克次体的感染率平均为２２.６３％，其中大埔县为２７.７８％、平远县为１３.４２％、梅县为２５.５９％；三县小蛛立克次体的感染率平均为１８.２８％，其中大埔县为２１.８８％、平远县为１８.８０％、梅县为１５.４９％。健康人群血清中斑点热群立克次体ＩｇＧ抗体阳性率经统计学处理未见有性别、年龄和职业的差别。上述结果提示在广东省大埔县、平远县和梅县可能存在有斑点热的自然疫源地     

渝北区1～59岁人群麻疹血清流行病学调查报告

目的了解本地1-59岁不同人群的麻疹血清免疫水平现状，为消除麻疹制定策略提供科学依据。方法采用多阶段分层随机抽样的方法，抽取1799人进行血清流行病学调查，用酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）法检测麻疹抗体IgG。结果渝北区1～59岁人群麻疹免疫水平的总体阳性率为92．94％，1～9岁组的阳性率为95．58％，10--29岁组90．99％，30-59岁组为94％。城区人群的麻疹IgG阳性率为94．03％，农村为91．50％。结论渝北区10--59岁人群麻疹免疫总体水平没有达到消除麻疹应维持95％以上的要求，农村及10--29岁组更为显著。     

2010年合肥市蜀山区居民甲型H1N1流感血清流行病学调查

目的 了解合肥市蜀山区居民甲型H1N1流感病毒感染状况和免疫水平,为制定科学有效的防控策略和措施提供基础资料.方法 采用分层随机抽样方法,从蜀山区8个街道及1个乡镇选取772人进行问卷调查,收集居民年龄、性别、职业等相关信息,采集血液标本提取甲型H1N1流感病毒血清,应用红细胞血凝抑制试验检测病毒抗体.结果 本次调查蜀山区居民甲型H1N1流感抗体阳性率为39.25％ (303/772);5个年龄组0～5岁,6～15岁,16 ～24岁,25～59岁,60岁及以上抗体阳性率分别为31.11％、70.99％、49.04％、28.16％、13.89％;按特定人群比较,学生抗体阳性率(74.29％)高于散居或幼托儿童(31.25％)、教师(33.33％)、医护人员(33.86％)、离退人员(18.32％)以及其他人群(18.18％);按有无甲型H1N1流感疫苗免疫史进行统计,接种组与未接种组的抗体阳性率分别为75.66％、24.18％.蜀山区未接种甲型H1N1流感疫苗人群的隐性感染率为24.64％;蜀山区城区与城乡结合部(井岗镇街道、南岗镇)的居民抗体阳性率分别为32.81％、58.16％,抗体阳性率差异有统计学意义(x2=39.41,P＜0.001);本次选取的772人中,在2009年5月～2010年1月期间曾患流感样症状病例、普通感冒病例、健康人群的抗体阳性率分别为44.15％、33.00％、39.14％,差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.99,P=0.050).结论 合肥市蜀山区居民甲型H1N1流感病毒抗体阳性率在不同年龄段、不同人群、不同地区、是否曾有流感样症状、是否有甲型H1N1流感疫苗免疫史等方面均存在不同.     

Human Visceral Leishmaniasis in Kermanshah Province,Western Iran,During 2011-2012

Background

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) or kala-azar is a parasitic disease caused by the species of Leishmania donovani complex. It is endemic in some parts of provinces of Iran. According to the reported cases of VL in Kermanshah Province in recent years, this study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence of VL in high risk villages of the province.

Methods

Totally, 1622 serum samples obtained from children under 15 years old and 178 from adults in 22 villages of studied areas. Serum samples were examined by direct agglutination test (DAT) for the detection of anti-Leishmania antibodies. Data were analyzed using SPSS software ver.11.5.

Results

Only 6 serum samples (0.33%) showed anti-Leishmania antibodies against L.infantum at titers ≥ 1/3200. Four of the seropositive cases had a history of kala-azar and Leishman bodies were seen in their bone marrows. The highest (0.5%) and lowest (0.29%) seroprevalence was seen in the age groups of 5-9 and 10-14 years old, respectively. None of the adults were seropositive. There were not any significant differences between the rate of seropositivity in males (0.36%) and females (0.31%). 66.7% of seropositive individuals showed clinical manifestations. The most important symptoms in Kala-azar patients were fever, hepato-spleenomegally and anemia.

Conclusion

Kala-azar is occurred sporadically in Kermanshah Province. But presence of significant number of positive sera confirms the necessity for attention of people and clinicians to kala-azar.     

重庆口岸出入境人群登革热血清流行病学研究

[目的]了解重庆口岸出入境人群的登革热血清流行病学特征,为重庆口岸地区登革热监控工作提供科学的依据。[方法]按系统抽样抽取研究对象,进行登革热IgG抗体血清学检测和流行病学调查。[结果]检测1556份样本,其中182份登革热IgG抗体阳性,阳性率11．70％。入境人员阳性率18．87％,明显高于出境人员;外籍人员阳性率超过20％;本市人员不足10％。不同国籍人员间阳性率的差异有统计学意义,其中东南亚国籍人员阳性率62．16％,位列首位。不同职业人员间阳性率的差异有统计学意义,其中有6类人员阳性率超过10％,从高到低依次为渔民,船员、饮食服务人员、离退休人员、教师、商人、民工。曾经有国际旅行经历者阳性率（19．17％）高于没有国际旅行经历者（8．10％）;出国频次越高的,阳性率也越高;不同目的国际旅行之间的登革热抗体阳性率的差别有统计学意义,其中出国劳务人员阳性率最高（27．55％）;曾经到达不同地区人员的阳性率的差别也有统计学意义,其中有4个地区阳性率超过50％,从高到低依次为加勒比、东南亚、南美、南亚。来自,停留流行区人员的登革热阳性率（32％）明显高于未来自,停留流行区人员的登革热阳性率（9．85％）。多因素分析提示：有国际旅行经历、境外人员血清登革热IgG阳性率高,特别是有频繁出国经历、来自,停留主要流行区、有东南亚居留史是重要危险因素。[结论]重庆本地人员登革热暴露机会较少、未发生或极少发生本地传播;对重庆地区而言,重点在传染源的发现和控制。对于口岸登革热防治工作,应有所侧重地对有国际旅行经历的人员的检疫和监测,特别要重点关注出入境频繁的、有登革热流行区居留史的人员。     

天津市武清区健康人群EV71和Cox A16中和抗体阳性状况及影响因素分析

目的 调查天津市武清区健康人群肠道病毒71型（EV71）和柯萨奇病毒A组16 型（Cox A16）中和抗体阳性状况及其影响因素,为手足口病的预防与控制提供依据。方法 采集230名天津市武清区健康人群静脉血标本进行 EV71 和 Cox A16 中和抗体测定,用问卷进行影响因素调查,采用2检验对两种中和抗体阳性影响因素进行分析。结果 以抗体滴度1∶8作为临界值,调查对象EV71中和抗体阳性率为73.91%（170/230）,Cox A16中和抗体阳性率为76.52%（176/230）,差异无统计学意义（2=0.420,P=0.517）。EV71 与Cox A16中和抗体阳性率最高的年龄组分别为0~岁组、15~岁组（均为76.09%）与0～岁组（84.78%）,较低年龄组为5~岁组（71.74%）与15～岁组（69.57%）。不同年份间的EV71中和抗体阳性率差异有统计学意义（2=29.971,P=0.001）。EV71与 Cox A16 中和抗体滴度均以1∶4~ 1∶256居多,分别占82.61%（190/230）和 88.26%（203/230）。经分析发现,EV71 与Cox A16中和抗体阳性的重要影响因素分别为年份、是否外出后洗手与是否为学龄前儿童。结论 人群对EV71和 Cox A16普遍易感,70.00%以上的健康人群感染后均可产生EV71 或 Cox A16的特异性中和抗体,隐匿感染者作为手足口病传染源的意义可能较大。     

A seroepidemiological survey on Leishmania infantum infection

Findings from a seroepidemiological survey of Leishmania infantum (LI) infection are presented. Among residents in the province of Rome, 2.7% (4.4% in the city of Rome and l% in the suburbs) of 374 adults were positive for specific LI antibodies in indirect haemoagglutination studies. Among 217 adult residents of Caltanissetta province (Sicily), 4.1% were positive for LI antibodies (4.2% in Caltanissetta city and 4% in the suburbs). Serological tests for LI antibodies were also carried out on stray dogs captured in Rome: 5% of them resulted positive.Our findings show that LI infection is moderately present in both Rome and Caltanissetta, the latter being an area of known endemicity. According to our data, LI infections are usually asymptomatic: none of the positive subjects had a history of visceral leishmaniasis, and none of the seropositive dogs showed any sign or symptom correlated to leishmaniasis.Corresponding author.Data kindly supplied by Ministero della Sanità.     

Cumulative incidence of pertussis in an unvaccinated preschool cohort based on notifications,interview and serology

The cumulative incidence of pertussis at six years of age in the first unvaccinated cohort after cessation of immunisation in Sweden was investigated by serological methods and by a validation of the national epidemiological surveillance system by reports from the Child Health Centres (CHCs). In 312/385 (81%) eligible children, both an interview with the parents and a blood sample from the child could be obtained. The CHC reports yielded a cumulative incidence of 31%, whereas the serological assays found 54%. Of the cases reported by the parents to the CHCs, 89% were seropositives. In the additional cases of pertussis reported at the study interview, only 61% could be confirmed (p < 0.001). Among children with reported severe cough not suspected to be pertussis, 46% were seropositive, distributed as 33% seropositives in cases with cough duration of less than 4 weeks and 69% for longer coughs (p < 0.01). In the CHC reports, the parental diagnosis was found to have been confirmed in three-quarters of cases by medical personnel. The CHC reporting system was thus found to be reliable with an observed specificity of 93%, but sensitivity of only 52%. Thus, even this surveillance system, which yields the highest incidence rates, underestimates the incidence of the disease.Corresponding author.     

齐齐哈尔铁路人群五种12型军团菌自然感染的血清流行病学研究

为了解铁路人群军团菌感染规律,我们于1987年6～7月在齐齐哈尔铁路地区选择九种不同职业的1072名健康人进行了 Lp1～8、Lb、Lm、Ld 和 Lg 血清流行病学调查。结果抗体阳性率和几何平均滴度均以列车员和养路工最高,儿童和保育员最低;年龄和性别间无差异。调查结果还表明该地存在大量隐性感染、多型性感染和混合感染。另外我们就土壤和水在本病传播中的作用、抗体正常滴度上限对评价军团病血清学的意义等问题亦进行了讨论。