人巨细胞病毒立即早期蛋白功能的研究进展

人巨细胞病毒基因表达分为立即早期、早期和晚期三个时相。立即早期基因的表达在病毒基因和宿主细胞基因的表达和调控方面有重要作用，并能够影响宿主细胞周期进程。本文对立即早期蛋白调节病毒复制以及影响细胞周期进程方面的功能作一综述。     

人巨细胞病毒感染对肾移植受者血清白细胞介素－6水平的影响

应用ＰＣＲ检测ＨＣＭＶ－ＤＮＡ，ＥＬＩＳＡ检测ＨＣＭＶ－ＩｇＭ、ＩｇＧ，诊断肾移植受者ＨＣＭＶ感染，６５例受者中ＨＣＭＶ感染者３９例，非感染者２６例。应用ＭＴＴ法检测受者血清ＩＬ－６生物活性，阐明了ＨＣＭＶ感染对肾移植受者血清ＩＬ－６水平的影响。结果表明：感染与非感染组间血清ＩＬ－６水平差异无显著性（Ｐ＞０．０５）；６例原发性感染者血清ＩＬ－６水平随感染时间延长呈增高及降低双相改变，表明慢性迁延性感染者血清ＩＬ－６水平降低。临床工作中监测ＨＣＭＶ感染的肾移植受者血清ＩＬ－６水平变化具有重要意义。     

慢性肾盂肾炎发病与巨细胞病毒感染关系初探

应用免疫酶斑点法检测慢性肾盂肾炎病人尿液中巨细胞颊毒，同时应用ＥＬＩＳＡ法检测血中ＨＣＭＶ抗体，检测结果表明，尿中ＨＣＭＶ阳性率为５２．９％，血清中ＨＣＭＶ抗体为７５．９％，与正常对照组相比，并差非常显著，证明慢性肾盂炎发病与ＨＣＭＶ感染有关。     

巢式PCR检测龈下菌斑中HCMV、EBV、HSV-1与慢性牙周炎活动性的关系

目的　建立临床检测龈下菌斑标本中人巨细胞病毒 (HCMV)、Epstein Barr病毒 (EBV)、单纯疱疹病毒 1型 (HSV 1 )巢式PCR方法 ,研究这 3种病毒与慢性牙周炎活动性的关系。方法　收集6 2例慢性牙周炎患者 (男性 2 7例、女性 35例 ,平均年龄 5 3岁 )的牙周炎活动部位、牙周炎静止部位的龈下菌斑 ,提取DNA后使用巢式PCR检测HCMV、EBV、HSV 1 ,比较分析其在同一病人不同部位的检出率。结果　牙周炎活动部位的HCMV检出率为 38.7%,EBV的检出率为 5 8%,HSV 1的检出率为30 .6 %,两种以上病毒合并感染的检出率为 4 0 .3%;牙周炎静止部位的HCMV检出率为 1 4 .5 %,EBV为 2 2 .6 %,HSV 1为 1 1 .3%,两种以上病毒合并感染的检出率为 1 1 .3%。这 3种病毒及其合并感染在牙周炎活动部位的检出率均高于牙周炎静止部位 ,差异有统计学意义 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　提示HC MV、EBV、HSV 1与慢性牙周炎的活动性相关。     

Cytomegalovirus infection after orthotopic liver transplantation is restricted by a pre-existing antiviral immune response of the recipient

Infection of the liver by the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) frequently occurs after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). However, the role of viral replication and the inflammatory reaction in the development of HCMV-associated liver dysfunction is unclear. To address this question in vivo, 84 liver biopsy specimens from 74 patients who received an orthotopic liver transplant were investigated by immunohistochemical detection of viral antigens and cell type specific marker proteins. The extent of viral replication was correlated with the HCMV antibody status of donor and recipient. HCMV immediate early antigens were found in 25 of 84 liver tissue sections investigated, hepatocytes being the predominant target cells. Bile duct epithelial cells, endothelial cells, mesenchymal cells and sinusoidal lining cells were also found susceptible to HCMV infection. The detection of viral capsid antigens, nuclear inclusions in infected cells and foci of infected cells were suggestive of permissive infection in these cells. In 25 HCMV-positive liver biopsy specimens, the median extent of HCMV infection was 0.33 (0.02-5.67) infected cells/mm(2) liver tissue. Primary infection of liver transplant recipients (D+/R-) was associated with a significantly higher extent of organ involvement as compared to reinfection or reactivation (D+/R+). In contrast, the extent of inflammatory infiltrates in areas of infected liver cells was higher in tissues of patients with pre-existing immunoreactivity (R+) compared to patients without pre-existing immunoreactivity (R-). In conclusion, these results favour the assumption that the immune response to HCMV is effective in restricting viral spread in the liver.     

Clinically-based determination of safe DNAemia cutoff levels for preemptive therapy or human cytomegalovirus infections in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients

Transplantation Centers using human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) antigenemia-based preemptive therapy will need to replace in the near future the antigenemia assay with a more standardized and automatable assay, such as a molecular assay quantifying HCMV DNA in blood (DNAemia). Thus, in view of replacing antigenemia with clinically safe cutoff values, DNAemia levels corresponding to antigenemia cutoffs guiding HCMV preemptive therapy were determined retrospectively in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients (HSCTR) using an "in-house" quantitative PCR (QPCR) method. Since preemptive therapy had prevented appearance of HCMV disease in all patients tested, DNA cutoffs determined retrospectively had to be considered as safe clinically as antigenemia cutoffs used prospectively. However, in solid organ transplant recipients (SOTR), initiating preemptive therapy upon an antigenemia cutoff of 100 pp65-positive leukocytes, a DNAemia cutoff of 300,000 copies/ml blood had positive and negative predictive values of >90%, indicating that a DNAemia cutoff could achieve, in terms of prevention of HCMV disease, the same clinical results as the antigenemia cutoff. In HSCTR, initiating preemptive therapy upon first antigenemia positivity, a DNAemia cutoff of 10,000 copies/ml blood had a positive predictive value of >90%, indicating that the great majority of patients treated under the antigenemia guidance would have been treated also using this DNA cutoff. On the other hand, the negative predictive value of 28.6% indicated that two out of three HSCTR had been treated under the antigenemia guidance having the same levels of viral DNA as the untreated patients. The data suggest that a quantitative cutoff could be adopted as a guiding criterion for preemptive therapy also in HSCTR. Regression analysis allowed to determine the DNAemia (corresponding to QPCR) cutoff values for two commercial assays tested both in solid organ and HSCTR. Retrospective DNAemia cutoff values will be verified for safety in prospective trials.     

白血病患者巨细胞病毒抗体检测及其临床意义初探

目的初步探讨白血病患者巨细胞病毒(HCMV)感染状况及HCMV抗体检测的应用价值.方法采用ELISA法对75例白血病患者和28名健康人HCMV抗体进行检测.其中有11例M3患者作化疗前后对比检测.结果白血病组HCMV-IgM抗体阳性率为2.7%,健康对照组为0;白血病组HCMV-IgG抗体水平较健康对照组显著(P＜0.01)或非常显著(P＜0.005)增高;如以HCMV-IgG抗体高于8.4IU/ml(约临界值1.1IU/ml的4倍)考虑为HCMV活动性感染,则白血病组阳性率35.7%,较健康对照组3.6%明显升高(P＜0.005),且M3化疗后阳性率有上升趋势.结论HCMV抗体检测有助于白血病患者HCMV感染的临床诊疗.     

生命泉流浸膏体外抗HSV-2和HCMV作用的实验研究

以无环鸟苷 ( ACV)和病毒唑 ( RBV)作阳性对照物 ,采用 MTT法和细胞病变 ( CPE)抑制法 ,观察了生命泉流浸膏( FESOL)抗单纯疱疹病毒 型 ( HSV-2 )和人巨细胞病毒 ( HCMV)的作用效果     

大蒜新素对人巨细胞病毒感染的人胚肺成纤维细胞凋亡的影响

目的 研究大蒜新素对人巨细胞病毒(HCMV)诱导感染的人胚肺成纤维细胞(HELF)凋亡的动态变化及凋亡调控基因bcl-2和fas mRNA表达的影响。方法 用流式细胞术测定HELF在高、低感染复数(MOI分别为2．5、0．25)HCMV感染后1、12、24、36、48、72、96h凋亡细胞比率；大、中、小剂量大蒜新素(9、6和3μg／mL)处理正常的和感染的HELF细胞(MOI为2．5)后上述各时间点凋亡细胞比率。用原位杂交法检测大剂量大蒜新素处理感染细胞(MIO为0．25)72h后bcl-2和fas mRNA表达强度变化，并与正常细胞和感染细胞对比分析。结果 正常细胞凋亡比率保持恒定低水平(凋亡率平均2．68％)；低、高感染复数感染细胞随时间延长凋亡细胞逐渐增多，凋亡率峰值分别达8．85％(96h)和25．63％(72h)；各剂量大蒜新素处理的正常细胞凋亡率增加，呈剂量依赖性，峰值分别为4．88％、6．47％和8．35％；但各剂量药物处理感染细胞后却使细胞凋亡比率下降，大剂量药物处理72h时效应最为明显，凋亡细胞比率由25．63％降至16．24％。正常细胞高表达bcl-2，低表达fas基因；感染HCMV后，bcl-2表达显著下调，fas表达明显增强；大蒜新素处理感染细胞后使bcl-2表达强度明显高于感染细胞，fas表达水平明显低于感染细胞，但仍未恢复到正常细胞水平。结论HCMV是HELF凋亡的强诱导剂；病毒可通过下调凋亡抑制基因bcl-2和上调凋亡促进基因fas而发挥致凋亡作用。大蒜新素本身可诱导HELF凋亡，但却能明显抑制HCMV诱导的细胞凋亡，其抑制作用可能与药物干扰HCMV影响凋亡调控基因bcl-2和fas表达有关。     

A new role for the cellular PABP repressor Paip2 as an innate restriction factor capable of limiting productive cytomegalovirus replication

The capacity of polyadenylate-binding protein PABPC1 (PABP1) to stimulate translation is regulated by its repressor, Paip2. Paradoxically, while PABP accumulation promotes human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) protein synthesis, we show that this is accompanied by an analogous increase in the abundance of Paip2 and EDD1, an E3 ubiquitin ligase that destabilizes Paip2. Coordinate control of PABP1, Paip2, and EDD1 required the virus-encoded UL38 mTORC1 activator and resulted in augmented Paip2 synthesis, stability, and association with PABP1. Paip2 synthesis also increased following serum stimulation of uninfected normal fibroblasts, suggesting that this coregulation may play a role in how uninfected cells respond to stress. Significantly, Paip2 accumulation was dependent on PABP accrual, as preventing PABP1 accumulation suppressed viral replication and inhibited the corresponding Paip2 increase. Furthermore, depleting Paip2 restored the ability of infected cells to assemble the translation initiation factor eIF4F, promoting viral protein synthesis and replication without increasing PABP1. This establishes a new role for the cellular PABP1 inhibitor Paip2 as an innate defense that restricts viral protein synthesis and replication. Moreover, it illustrates how a stress-induced rise in PABP1 triggered by virus infection can counter and surpass a corresponding increase in Paip2 abundance and stability.