Joint Action,Interactive Alignment,and Dialog

Dialog is a joint action at different levels. At the highest level, the goal of interlocutors is to align their mental representations. This emerges from joint activity at lower levels, both concerned with linguistic decisions (e.g., choice of words) and nonlinguistic processes (e.g., alignment of posture or speech rate). Because of the high‐level goal, the interlocutors are particularly concerned with close coupling at these lower levels. As we illustrate with examples, this means that imitation and entrainment are particularly pronounced during interactive communication. We then argue that the mechanisms underlying such processes involve covert imitation of interlocutors’ communicative behavior, leading to emulation of their expected behavior. In other words, communication provides a very good example of predictive emulation, in a way that leads to successful joint activity.     

仿真模型辅以简易标准化病人在产房接生技术带教中的应用

目的:探讨仿真模型辅以简易标准化病人(SSP)在产房接生技术实践教学中的应用效果。方法:将2011年6月~2012年5月实习的40名学生作为对照组,将2012年6月~2013年6月实习的40名学生作为观察组。对照组采用以仿真模型为教具的传统教学模式,观察组采用仿真模型辅以SSP为教学模式。比较两组学生实习12周和16周时理论和技能考核合格情况。结果:观察组学生12,16周时理论和技能考核合格人数均高于对照组,两组比较有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:采用仿真模型辅以SSP的教学模式,接近真实分娩情境的过程,可以提高学生的学习兴趣及感知能力,加深了对分娩机制及产程各期临床表现的理解,以及对接生技术的全面认知,能够更快地上手和运用,提高接生技能。     

SPECT—CT显像估算甲状腺体积的探讨

目的探讨SPECT和CT估算甲状腺体积的准确性,为甲亢131I治疗剂量计算提供依据。方法用SPECT／CT仪对实测体积为8．5、12、17、20、24、33、42及66cm^3的8个仿真甲状腺模型行断层显像及图像融合处理,观察甲状腺模型SPECT和CT断层图像的对应关系以及SPECT最高计数阈值法估算体积的变化,并与CT估算体积及模型实测体积作配对资料t检验和相关关系分析。结果SPECT最高计数阈值法估算的模型体积随阈值增大而逐渐减小,反之,阈值减小,则体积增大,变化趋于线性,最佳阈值为49％;配对资料t检验,甲状腺模型实测体积、SPECT最高计数（49％）阈值法估算体积及CT估算体积相互无统计学差异（t=-0．6605,0．6088,0．2780;P=-0．5619,0．5301;0．7890）且高度正相关（r=-0．996,0．998,0．998）。结论SPECT最高计数（49％）阈值法和CT均可较准确地估算甲状腺体积,而前者为功能显像,有利于更好的指导甲亢131I治疗剂量的计算。     

仿真式整体思辨教学在儿科教学见习中的应用观察

目的 探讨仿真式整体思辨教学在儿科教学见习中的应用效果.方法 对南京医科大学2010级43名专升本临床见习生实施仿真式整体思辨教学,将其作为实验组,并选取同级35名本科生作对照组,实施传统教学.通过问卷调查方式了解两组的教学效果.结果 实验组巩固所学知识、提升理解应用知识能力、发展独立思考能力以及提高学习积极性均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);两组学生的满意度和参与互动率比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 仿真式整体思辨教学提高儿科教学见习中学生的临床实践能力、创新能力、分析和解决问题的能力,对培养见习生的临床学习能力具有重要作用.     

A systems level analysis of the mirror neuron hypothesis and imitation impairments in autism spectrum disorders

Although several studies suggest an imitation deficit as a key feature of autism, questions have been raised about the consistency of this finding and about the component skills involved in imitation. The primary aim of this review is to examine the uneven profile of imitation deficits found in autism in the context of the mirror neuron system (MNS) dysfunction hypothesis. We use the cortical underconnectivity framework (Just et al., 2004) to examine the coordination of brain areas that orchestrate the communication between the component skills underlying imitation. A comprehensive account of imitation deficit in autism should take into account the regions that are at the core of the MNS (e.g., IFG and IPL) and related regions that feed into the MNS (e.g., STS, Cerebellum) in their functioning and in their coordination. Our findings suggest that the MNS may be associated with mediating familiarity, attention, self-other matching, and social relevance, which may be vital in characterizing the imitation deficits in autism. Such an analysis may have greater clinical and therapeutic value.     

Praxic and executive components in tool use learning: The role of imitation

Recent research in comparative psychology suggests that similarities between the behaviour of two individuals may not be the consequence of imitation only, but also of nonimitative social-learning processes. In the present study we aimed to investigate whether these alternative learning processes can take place in human adults, specifically in patients whose ability to imitate has been reduced by brain damage. Left (LBD) and right (RBD) brain-damaged patients were asked to perform four tool use tasks in three experimental conditions: exposure to the apparatus (N); demonstration of the correct solution (C); and demonstration of a failed attempt followed by the correct solution to the problem (I + C). Results suggest that the left hemisphere is indeed critical for action and that selective neuropsychological deficits can affect action imitation and selection of goal-directed movements, independently from each other. Findings also indicate that when the ability to imitate actions is lowered emulation may become available.     

可持续的固体废弃物管理SD模型与仿真

介绍了使用系统动力学的方法建立SD模型,并对其仿真结果进行分析,从而说明固体废弃物可持续管理的重要意义.动态地显示了科技进步和垃圾的管理对资源和环境的影响,为实现自然资源的可持续利用指明了方向.     

真实世界证据与随机对照试验：RCT DUPLICATE项目启动、实施、进展解读与启示（一）

近些年,医疗产品监管机构开始重新审视真实世界证据（RWE）对监管决策的潜在价值。RWE能否代替金标准随机对照试验（RCT）产生的证据尚不确定。哈佛大学研究团队于2018年发起了RCT DUPLICATE项目,旨在利用医疗索赔数据库模拟30个RCT,以探索效力-效果差距的量化方法并解释其潜在来源,增强RWE的可信度。本文回顾了RCT DUPLICATE项目的产生背景,重点介绍RCT DUPLICATE项目的研究目的、研究设计和实施流程,以期帮助国内学者更好地理解RWE的适用范围和应用价值。     

仿真甲状腺模型评价CT估算甲状腺体积准确性及影响因素

目的探讨CT估算甲状腺体积各种方法的准确性,为甲亢^131I治疗剂量计算及手术切除治疗等提供依据。方法制作实测体积为8.5、12、17、20、24、33、42、66cm^3,中间宽厚,两头尖薄近似体内甲状腺形状的仿真甲状腺模型,共8个;采用西门子Symbia true point SPECT-CT仪行CT扫描及图像重建处理,然后用SPECT/CT仪自带的容积计算软件分别以密度阈值法及层厚3mm和5mm手动勾边法估算甲状腺模型体积,并用椭球体公式计算模型体积,均与模型实测体积作配对资料t检验和相关关系分析。结果甲状腺模型实测体积与密度阈值法及3mm手动勾边法估算体积无统计学差异（t=0.6605,2.2539;P=0.5301;0.0589）且高度正相关（r=0.998,0.998）;而甲状腺模型实测体积与5mm手动勾边法及椭球体公式法估算体积有统计学差异（t=5.7391,3.7499;P=0.0007,0.0072）,且3mm和5mm层厚手动勾边法之间也有统计学差异（t=4.0664;P=0.0048）。结论甲状腺能通过一定密度范围与周围组织完全区分时,CT密度阈值法可较准确、简便地估算甲状腺体积,否侧需采用手动勾边法估算,层厚最好不超过3mm,操作相对繁锁,但准确性高于5mm层厚手动勾边及椭球体公式估算体积。     

THE METHOD AND TECHNIQUE OF COMPUTER EMULATION SYSTEM FOR CLINICAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION

The model theory and algorithm of pharmacokinetics are comparat.vely perfect,which have been widely applied in the analysis of pharmacokinetics, the evaluation of new drug and the draft of clinical individual dosage regimen. Because of the complex of data processing model, it is necessary to usc computer technique. Based on the previous single funcdtion program (algorithm), the paper deals with how to select the configuration and structure of the system,and how to arrange the data and algorithmresouorces of the system in establishing intelligent system of clinical dosage computre emulation. The paper also presents the method and technique of function algorithm program and curent algorithm data life, with which multiple function call of the system resources is achieved. The design idea of the system mentioned above is imperative and effective for expanding system function, constricting system resources and realizing the idea and method of software engineering.