Cocaine decreases self-control in rats: a preliminary report

Cocaine abuse is often associated with behavior that takes into account short-term, but not long-term consequences. However, there has been no empirical research concerning the effects of cocaine on self-control (choice of a larger, more delayed reinforcer over a smaller, less delayed reinforcer). In the present research, when food-deprived rats repeatedly chose between a larger, more delayed food reinforcer and a smaller, less delayed food reinforcer, chronic intraperitoneal injections of 15 mg/kg cocaine (but not 10 mg/kg fluoxetine) decreased the rats' choices of the larger, more delayed reinforcer. Cocaine can decrease rats' self-control.     

Histomorphometry of bone marrow biopsies in primary osteomyelofibrosis/-sclerosis (agnogenic myeloid metaplasia) - correlations between clinical and morphological features

Summary Histomorphometry was performed on representative trephine biopsies of the bone marrow on admission of 50 patients (21 male, 29 female-age 67 years) with so-called primary osteomyelofibrosis/-sclerosis (OMF) not preceded by any other subtype of chronic myeloproliferative disorders. This study was firstly aimed at testing correlations between histological features (amount of haematopoiesis, cytological aspects of mega-karyocytes, density of reticulin and collagen fibres and degree of osteosclerosis) and laboratory data, as well as spleen size and duration of relevant prediagnostic symptoms. Secondly, we concentrated on a discrimination of OMF patients into two sub-groups according to bone marrow morphology and clinical variables. Statistical evaluation of histomorphometric variables and haematological findings disclosed that there was a progressive fibro-osteosclerotic process in the evolution of disease features. Increase in medullary fibrosis was significantly paralleled by an abnormal or pleomorphic megakaryopoiesis in the bone marrow: there was an increase in irregularity of perimeters for megakaryocytes and naked nuclei combined with smaller sizes of these elements including the nuclei. Additionally, there was a greater number of pycnotic bare nuclei. A number of morphometric features (density of fibres, degree of osteosclerosis, amount of haematopoiesis) were associated with corresponding clinical data (spleen size, length of preclinical history). By consideration of a set of basic histomorphometric variables our co-hort of 50 patients could be divided into an early hyperplastic subtype with no or minimal medullary reticulin and another group with conspicuous fibrotic and osteosclerotic alterations of the bone marrow. It was noticeable that we found no significant correlation between amount of haematopoiesis or marrow cellularity with splenomegaly. This result suggests that splenic haematopoiesis (myeloid metaplasia) may represent an autonomous or neoplastic process and not only compensation for a failing fibro-osteosclerotic bone marrow.Supported by a grant from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG-Th 390/1-1)     

产后出血量的影响因素分析

目的 阐明影响产后出血量的相关因素,提高围产期的保健质量。方法 对２４１例孕妇在孕期产后进行问卷式调查,分娩时测量产后出血量。用相关、方差等统计方法分析。结果 影响产后出血量的因素涉及生理病理、心理、社会环境等诸多方面。其中生理病理因素为：①剖宫产术,②胎位异常,③腹围过大,④会阴裂伤,⑤胎盘晚出不全;心理因素为：珍贵胎儿,孕期、产时、产后情绪波动;社会环境因素为：孕期使用吸尘器、电话,上班路途径     

红景天提取液精制工艺的考察

目的：优选红景天提取液的精制工艺。方法：采用了醇沉法和絮凝法两种精制方法。结果：壳聚糖絮凝法优于明胶絮凝法。壳聚糖絮凝法与醇沉法比较红帚天苷保留率分别为95．32％，88.15％；固体物保留率分别为59.7％，63．0％。结论：壳聚糖絮凝法的红景天苷保留率明显高于醇沉法，且两种工艺的固体量无显著性差异。     

加碘盐烹饪过程中碘损失的研究

目的对碘盐中碘的稳定性进行研究，为正确使用碘盐提供依据。方法模拟不同烹饪过程进行试验研究。结果碘盐中碘的损失量受烹饪方式及烹饪时间的影响，经220℃干炒或油炸，碘损失量明显，在油炸3min后，碘含量减少25．0％；6min减少47．1％；12min减少66．7％，受热时间的延长，碘损失量增加。结论为确保碘缺乏病防治效果，制作食物应尽量选择煮、蒸等烹饪方式，避免油炸、干炒等高温烹饪方式，同时制作食物时应尽量缩短加放食盐后的烹饪时间，提倡食物制熟后加盐。     

某市临床用血情况调研分析

目的探讨蚌埠市临床用血的变化趋势。方法对2008～2010年临床用血总量、每月、每季度用血量及各血型用血量进行统计分析。结果临床用血总量每年以10%～16%的速度递增;每年的3、4、5和10月份用血量较大,1、2和8、9月份用血量相对较少,3年中第2季度用血量比其他季度增加3%～15%;各血型用血量为O型〉A型〉B型〉AB型;凝血因子的用量逐年增加。结论分析临床用血量的变化趋势,为做好血源管理提供了依据,为缓解临床用血紧缺提出了思路。     

吸烟量对高血压患者血脂的影响

目的探讨吸烟量对高血压患者血总胆固醇(TC)、总甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)的影响,为冠心病的防治提供依据。方法采用流行病学问卷调查表的形式,没有吸烟史的高血压患者99例和有吸烟史的高血压患者105例,并按吸烟史的情况进行调查,按吸烟量分为吸烟0、1、2、3级。对比分析4个等级组四项血脂水平。结果吸烟1、2、3级TC、TG、LDL水平显著高于吸烟0级(P<0.01),吸烟3级HDL显著低于吸烟0级(P<0.01)。结论吸烟与高脂血症有密切关系,是高血压病的危险因素之一,吸烟可影响高血压病的防治。     

北京、上海、天津、广州、杭州、成都六城市部分医院门诊中特殊使用级抗菌药的处方金额趋势分析

目的：分析并比较北京、上海、天津、广州、杭州、成都六城市部分医院特殊使用级抗菌药处方金额和趋势情况。方法：对这六个城市部分医院特殊使用级抗菌药的药品名称、规格、处方张数、取药数量、取药金额进行统计,并对金额进行分析。结果：各城市特殊使用级抗菌药使用情况数据见正文。结论：经过整治,特殊使用级抗菌药处方金额明显下降。     

上颌第二磨牙根管解剖形态的分析

目的观察上颌第二磨牙根管的解剖形态及其变异情况。方法收集86个上颌第二磨牙,肉眼及放大镜下观察其根管口的数目,不锈钢K锉扩锉根管至根尖孔,肉眼下观察其根尖孔开口位置并测量其牙根和根管长度。结果肉眼下及放大镜下检出上颌第二磨牙双根管口者均为9.3%;肉眼下及放大镜下检出上颌第二磨牙三根管口者分别为84.9%和74.4%(P<0.05),检出四根管口者分别为5.8%和16.3%(P<0.05),76.7%的根尖孔为侧方开口,根管长度小于牙根长度。结论在放大视野下,可提高上颌第二磨牙的根管口检出率,了解上颌第二磨牙根管解剖形态,可提高根管治疗的成功率。     

The influence of displacement on shoulder function in patients with minimally displaced fractures of the greater tuberosity

INTRODUCTION: There is little outcome data on functional results after non-operative treatment of greater tuberosity fractures, and no clear evidence in minimally displaced (1-5 mm) fractures of the greater tuberosity showing that the results of non-operative treatments are good enough. This study assesses the relationship between degree of displacement in non-operatively treated patients and shoulder function. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated the radiographs and function in 135 patients after non-operative treatment of minimally displaced (1-5 mm) fractures of the greater tuberosity at a mean time of 3.7 years (2-20 years) after injury. Shoulder function was assessed using the Vienna Shoulder Score (VSS), the Constant Score (CS) and the UCLA-Score. RESULTS: 97% of the evaluated patients had good or excellent results. Patients with a displacement of more than 3 mm had slightly worse results compared to those with less displacement, but this was not statistically significant. Female patients had significantly better results than male patients, and patients in the eighth and ninth decade had significantly worse results compared to younger patients. CONCLUSION: We recommend non-operative treatment in all patients with minimally displaced fractures of the greater tuberosity, as most obtain very good results. The best results followed treatment with Gilchrist bandages or Mitella slings for 3 weeks, followed by intensive rehabilitation.