学龄前儿童睡眠状况与情绪和行为问题的关联性研究

目的 分析学龄前儿童睡眠质量及夜间睡眠时间与情绪和行为问题的关联及其影响因素。方法 资料源自2015年3-6月中国长江中下游4个城市部分3~6岁学龄前儿童问卷调查。采用自编的"学龄前儿童发育问卷"调查学龄前儿童夜间睡眠时间和质量,通过长处与困难量表（SDQ）了解学龄前儿童情绪和行为问题发生情况,有效问卷共8 900份。采用多分类logistic回归模型分析夜间睡眠时间及睡眠质量与情绪和行为问题之间的关联。结果 学龄前儿童情绪症状、品行问题、多动、同伴交往、SDQ困难总分、亲社会行为异常率分别为9.0%、13.9%、18.9%、25.5%、13.6%和16.2%,除情绪症状异常率女童高于男童,其余各项异常率男童全部高于女童。睡眠质量好、较好和较差/很差分别为3.9%、52.9%和43.2%。多因素logistic回归模型分析显示,控制性别、年龄、分娩方式、出生体重、出生身长和父母文化程度等混杂因素后,与夜间睡眠较短的儿童相比,夜间睡眠较长的儿童发生情绪症状、品行问题、多动、同伴交往、SDQ困难总分、亲社会行为异常的风险较低,OR值（95%CI）分别为0.86（0.77~0.95）、0.85（0.78~0.93）、0.85（0.79~0.92）、0.87（0.81~0.93）、0.83（0.76~0.91）和0.82（0.76~0.89）;与睡眠质量好的儿童相比,睡眠质量较差/很差的儿童发生情绪症状、品行问题、多动、同伴交往、SDQ困难总分、亲社会行为异常的风险升高,OR值（95%CI）分别为3.26（2.40~4.42）、2.86（2.16~3.78）、2.60（2.00~3.38）、1.96（1.52~2.54）、4.02（3.06~5.27）和2.56（1.96~3.35）。结论 夜间睡眠时间短和睡眠质量差对学龄前儿童情绪和行为问题产生负面影响。     

Prevalence of atopy, asthma and COPD in an urban and a rural area of an African country

The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of asthma, atopy and COPD in Rwanda and to identify risk factors. The survey was conducted in Kigali, the Capital of Rwanda, and in Huye District, a rural area located in southern Rwanda.

Methods

A total of 2138 subjects were invited to participate in the study.1920 individuals (90%) answered to questionnaires on respiratory symptoms and performed spirometry, 1824 had acceptable spirograms and performed skin-prick test. In case of airflow obstruction (defined as pre-bronchodilator ratio FEV₁/FVC < LLN) a post bronchodilator spirometry was performed. Reversibility was defined as an increase in FEV₁ of 200 ml and 12% above baseline FEV₁ after inhalation of 400 mcg of salbutamol.

Results

The mean age was 38.3 years; 48.1% of participants were males and 51.9% females. Airflow obstruction was found in 256 participants (14%); 163(8.9%) subjects were asthmatics and 82 (4.5%) had COPD. COPD was found in 9.6% of participants aged 45 years and above. 484 subjects had positive skin-prick tests (26.5%); house dust mite and grass pollen mix were the main allergens. Risk factors for asthma were allergy, female gender and living in Kigali. COPD was associated with cigarette smoking, age and male sex.

Conclusion

this is the first study which shows the prevalence of atopy, asthma and COPD in Rwanda. Asthma and COPD were respectively diagnosed in 8.9% and 4.5% of participants. COPD was diagnosed in 9.6% of subjects aged ≥45 years.The prevalence of asthma was higher in urban compared to rural area.     

Sexual transgression and social disconnection: healing through community-based sociotherapy in Rwanda

A distinguishing feature of the 1994 genocide against the Tutsi and the preceding 1990–1994 war in Rwanda was the social intimacy of the crimes committed. The legacy of this kind of violence includes distrust in social relations within communities and families, an increase of violence in everyday social interaction, transgressive sexual engagements, and a range of psychological problems. Many people feel nostalgia for their past social life, but are unable to change their current situation. In 2005, a community-based sociotherapy programme was introduced into this context of mental and social distress. The goal was to help people regain feelings of dignity and safety and to reduce distress. This paper is based on qualitative research, in particular, case studies. It explores how sociotherapy, as a specific form of peer group counselling, may facilitate the healing of suffering related to issues of sexuality, violence within the family and the breakdown of social connections on a community level.     

四城市剖宫产与学龄期儿童哮喘发病相关性研究

目的 分析剖宫产与学龄前儿童哮喘的关联,总结剖宫产与儿童哮喘的相关性,指导临床及孕产妇对剖宫产的认识。方法 选取安庆、芜湖、铜陵、扬州4个城市共8 900名3~6岁儿童作为研究对象。通过对儿童带养者问卷调查的形式收集儿童出生方式、哮喘患病情况、人口学资料和体格测量资料等。哮喘病例由县级以上医院确诊,孕妇分娩方式分为阴道分娩、医学指征剖宫产和选择剖宫产。运用多分类Logistic回归分析剖宫产与学龄前儿童哮喘的关联。结果8 900名学龄前儿童中,剖宫产率为67.3%,哮喘患病率为7.0%,哮喘儿童中28.5%出生于自然分娩,71.5%出生于剖宫产。在控制地区、性别、早产、母亲怀孕年龄、父母文化程度、母乳喂养和儿童BMI后,医学指征剖宫产与学龄前儿童哮喘相关联(OR=1.25,95%CI:1.03~1.52,P0.05),而选择性剖宫产与学龄前儿童哮喘的关联无统计学意义(OR=1.19,95%CI:0.94~1.51,P0.05)。结论 剖宫产和学龄前儿童哮喘有关联,并且医学指征剖宫产会增加儿童哮喘发生的风险。