Inactivated influenza vaccine formulated with single-stranded RNA-based adjuvant confers mucosal immunity and cross-protection against influenza virus infection

Influenza vaccination is considered the most valuable means to prevent and control seasonal influenza infections, which causes various clinical symptoms, ranging from mild cough and fever to even death. Among various influenza vaccine types, the inactivated subunit type is known to provide improved safety with reduced reactogenicity. However, there are some drawbacks associated with inactivated subunit type vaccines, with the main ones being its low immunogenicity and the induction of Th2-biased immune responses. In this study, we investigated the role of a single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) derived from the intergenic region in the internal ribosome entry site of the Cricket paralysis virus as an adjuvant rather than the universal vaccine for a seasonal inactivated subunit influenza vaccine. The ssRNA adjuvant stimulated not only well-balanced cellular (indicated by IgG2a, IFN-γ, IL-2, and TNF-α) and humoral (indicated by IgG1 and IL-4) immune responses but also a mucosal immune response (indicated by IgA), a key protector against respiratory virus infections. It also increases the HI titer, the surrogate marker of influenza vaccine efficacy. Furthermore, ssRNA adjuvant confers cross-protective immune responses against heterologous influenza virus infection while promoting enhanced viral clearance. Moreover, ssRNA adjuvant increases the number of memory CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells, which can be expected to induce long-term immune responses. Therefore, this ssRNA-adjuvanted seasonal inactivated subunit influenza vaccine might be the best influenza vaccine generating robust humoral and cellular immune responses and conferring cross-protective and long-term immunity.     

颅咽管瘤全切除术后钠代谢紊乱及处理

目的分析颅咽管瘤全切除术后钠代谢紊乱的病理生理、诊断及处理。方法对我科86例巨大颅咽管瘤(直径>3.5cm)全切除患者进行回顾性分析,根据血钠、尿钠、渗透压以及中心静脉压等确定钠代谢紊乱类型,并进行相应处理。结果发生低钠血症29例(33.7％,29/86)、高钠血症13例(15.1％,13/86)、高钠及低钠血症交替9例(10.5％,9/86)。高钠及低钠血症平均开始时间分别为术后(2.3±0.7)d和(4.8±1.6)d。2例死于严重下丘脑反应,其余钠代谢紊乱均纠正良好,平均住院时间26 d。结论钠代谢紊乱是颅咽管瘤全切除术后常见表现之一。高钠血症与尿崩症关系密切,而低钠血症主要有两个原因:脑性盐耗综合征和抗利尿激素不适当分泌综合征,二者要仔细区分,前者着重补液、补盐,而后者应在补盐的基础上要适当限水和利尿。     

食盐对普通玉米杂交种淀粉糊化性质的影响

采用快速粘度分析仪（RVA）研究了食盐对18种普通玉米杂交种淀粉糊化性质的影响。结果表明：食盐显著降低了所有普通玉米杂交种淀粉的峰值、破损值和回生值;提高了谷值、终粘度、出峰时间和成糊温度。但对不同的普通玉米杂交种淀粉的糊化性质的影响程度有显著差别。随着食盐溶液质量分数的增加,普通玉米杂交种淀粉的谷值、终粘度、出峰时间和成糊温度也逐渐增加,破损值和回生值则显著降低,峰值受食盐溶液质量分数的影响很小。     

Gold complex research in medical science. Difficulties with experimental design

Despite the use of gold complexes in modern medicine for over 100 years and the use of gold complexes in the management of rheumatoid disease for more than 60 years, the definitive mechanisms of action for efficacy and for toxicity have not been established. Gold is a group 1b metal in the periodic table with several oxidation states but it is only Au(I) which is active in the biological milieu. Gold sodium thiomalate is not only a polymeric structure, but also has the chiral ligand, thiomalic acid. Gold sodium thiomalate thus can exist in several different physical states which may have different biological activity. In addition the pharmacokinetic profile of gold complexes has been of little value in the understanding of either the mechanism of action, efficacy or toxicity for both the injectable and the oral gold complexes. Many authors have misinterpreted research data on the activities of gold complexes because they compared gold complexes of different structures, and gold complexes which exist at different pH. Experimental work in our laboratory has identified that gold sodium thiomalate is a mixture and can exist as either a yellow or a colourless solution. These have some similar but several different biological activities. Many factors contribute to the lack of understanding of the action of gold complexes. Some of these factors are related to the wide variation in physical structure and biological activities exhibited by these compounds.     

Comparative kinetics of phenobarbital after administration of the acid and the propylhexedrine salt (barbexaclone)

Summary The kinetics of phenobarbital (PB) was compared after oral administration of equivalent doses of the drug as the acid or the propylhexedrine salt (barbexaclone) to 7 normal volunteers. The absorption and elimination parameters were very similar. It was concluded that propylhexedrine did not affect the serum kinetics of PB given as barbexaclone.     

Use of Fmoc-N-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzyl) amino acids in peptide synthesis

The use of N, O-bisFmoc-N-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzyl) amino acid derivatives in the synthesis of peptides with difficult sequences has already been described. With these amino acid derivatives the reversible protecting group 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzyl (Hmb) for the backbone amide bonds of peptide chains is introduced, and thus the aggregation due to hydrogen-bond interchain association is inhibited. This paper describes the synthesis and use of Fmoc-N-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzyl)amino acid derivatives as an alternative means of introducing Hmb backbone protection. These new monoFmoc derivatives were obtained in higher yield than the bisFmoc derivatives. Coupling yields to the amino peptide resin were the same as those obtained with bisFmoc derivatives, under the TBTU/HOBt/DIEA conditions. We also compared different syntheses of a difficult peptide with the Fmoc approach [triple coupling, capping, use of chaotropic agents, backbone protection using monoFmoc (Hmb)Ala] and with optimized Boc chemistry. Both the backbone protection and optimized Boc chemistry approaches gave the desired product in excellent yield and purity. © Munksgaard 1997.     

碘过量与甲状腺疾病

介绍近年来国内外对高碘致甲状腺肿、甲状腺功能亢进症、甲状腺功能减退症、自身免疫甲状腺炎、甲状腺癌的研究进展,阐述防治碘缺乏病(IDD)应当因地因人分类设计,盲目补碘和过度补碘都是错误的。     

特异性血小板抗体检测的实验研究

目的　建立一种简易、特异性强的血小板抗体检测方法。方法　利用磷酸氯喹溶液对血小板进行处理 ,去掉血小板相关抗原 (HLA抗原 ) ,用只含特异性抗原的血小板包被聚乙烯板来捕获血小板抗体。结果　与常用的SEPSA和淋巴细胞毒实验 (LCT)比较 ,该方法只表现血小板特异性抗体反应。结论　本方法能够鉴别血小板相关抗原的抗体和血小板特异性抗原的抗体 ,为临床血小板减少疾病的鉴别诊断、非溶血性发热反应和血小板输注无效的原因提供有用的参考依据     

铁强化食盐预防缺铁性贫血效果的观察

本文试以食盐为载体,使在食盐中每日为学龄前儿童增加元素铁5～10mg,对象为5岁的幼儿园儿童165名,分别在城镇与农村观察一年。初步的结果是:实验组与对照组在开始时的血红蛋白水平一致,但一年后,实验组由原来的平均值11.78±0.57增加至12.72±0.72,比对照组有明显的改善,这是解决缺铁性贫血的一种实际方法。     

Reduction in sodium chloride intake: effects on urinary Na, K and aldosterone output in healthy free-living adults

Eleven healthy free-living adults (six women, five men) weighed and recorded all food and drink consumed and collected all urine for two non-consecutive 7-day periods whilst eating their usual diet (Period 1) and attempting to reduce salt intake (Period 2). Bread (including pitta bread) provided on average a quarter of total Na intake of subjects in Period 1 so that wholemeal bread made without added salt was made available in Period 2. All subjects achieved substantial reductions (mean 65%) in Na intake in Period 2 with no change in K intake so that the Na:K molar ratio fell from 1.3 to 0.5. Urinary Na output closely followed intakes and there was a large increase (mean 11.2 μg/d) in aldosterone excretion with a non-significant increase in K output. Simple linear relationships which allow prediction of Na and K intake from the more easily measured urinary output were derived.