经鼻导管高流量吸氧与经鼻气道正压通气在重症毛细支气管炎呼吸支持中的应用价值比较

目的：比较经鼻导管高流量吸氧（HFNC）与经鼻气道正压通气（nCPAP）在重症毛细支气管炎呼吸支持中的应用价值，为临床治疗方案的选择提供参考。方法：选取2016年12月至2018年12月我院儿科收治的重症毛细支气管炎患儿90例，采用随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组各45例。两组患儿入院后均给予常规综合治疗以保证呼吸道通畅，在此基础上观察组采用HFNC治疗，对照组采用nCPAP治疗，比较两组患儿治疗前和治疗24 h后呼吸频率、经皮血氧饱和度（TcSO2）、呼吸窘迫评分体系（CSS）评分、动脉血氧分压（PaO2）等呼吸相关指标及治疗前后临床症状体征改善情况。结果：两组患儿治疗24 h后呼吸频率、CSS评分均降低，且观察组降低程度更大，TcSO2、PaO2于治疗24 h后升高，观察组升高幅度较对照组明显；治疗后两组患儿咳嗽及肺部湿啰音、肺部炎症情况均改善，观察组症状体征消失时间早于对照组，差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论：重症毛细支气管炎患儿采用HFNC治疗可明显改善通气功能和临床症状，治疗效果优于nCPAP治疗，可扩大样本量进一步观察。     

Lung function and bronchial hyper-reactivity from 11 to 18 years in children with bronchiolitis in infancy

Background

Various trajectories for lung function and bronchial hyper-reactivity (BHR) from early childhood to adulthood are described, including puberty as a period with excessive lung growth. Bronchiolitis in infancy may be associated with increased risk of developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, but the development of respiratory patterns during puberty is poorly characterized for these children. We aimed to study the development and trajectories of lung function and BHR from 11 to 18 years of age in children hospitalized for bronchiolitis in infancy.

Methods

Infants hospitalized for bronchiolitis at the University Hospitals in Stavanger and Bergen, Norway, during 1997-1998, and an age-matched control group, were included in a longitudinal follow-up study and examined at 11 and 18 years of age with spirometry and methacholine provocation test (MPT). The MPT data were managed as dose-response slope (DRS) in the statistical analyses. Changes in lung function and DRS from 11 to 18 years of age were analyzed by generalized estimating equations, including interaction terms.

Results

z-scores for forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in first second (FEV₁), FEV₁/FVC ratio, and DRS were not different from 11 to 18 years of age in both the post-bronchiolitis and the control group. The trajectories from 11 to 18 years did not differ between the two groups. BHR at age 11 was independently associated with asthma at age 18.

Conclusion

Children hospitalized for bronchiolitis had stable predicted lung function and BHR from 11 to 18 years of age. The lung function trajectories were not different from controls.

     

丙酸氟替卡松预防婴幼儿毛细支气管炎后喘息的临床观察

目的观察丙酸氟替卡松气雾剂吸入预防婴幼儿病毒诱发性喘息发作的临床效果。方法将145例符合毛细支气管炎诊断的婴幼儿随机分为预防组75例、对照组70例,两组在常规治疗出院后,预防组采用丙酸氟替卡松吸入3个月,而对照组不做相应处理。出院后随访1年,比较1年内两组婴幼儿喘息的发病构成比、喘息发作次数及发作持续时间。结果在随访一年内,预防组中有21例患儿未发生喘息,37例发生1次喘息,17例发生2次以上喘息;对照组有5例患儿未发生喘息,19例发生1次喘息,46例发生2次以上喘息。预防组发生喘息患儿平均喘息持续时间也较对照组明显缩短。结论吸入糖皮质激素早期干预可以缓解毛细支气管炎患儿后期病毒诱发性喘息反复发作。     

重组人干扰素α-1b联合人免疫球蛋白对毛细支气管炎重症患儿临床疗效及血清细胞因子表达的影响

目的：观察重组人干扰素α-1b联合人免疫球蛋白对毛细支气管炎重症患儿临床疗效及血清细胞因子表达的影响。方法：选取2013年1月-2016年6月某院收治的毛细支气管炎重症患儿267例,随机分为常规治疗组（A组,n=89）、干扰素组（B组,n=89）、观察组（C组,n=89）,A组给予吸氧、雾化吸入糖皮质激素等常规治疗;B组在A组常规治疗基础上给予重组人干扰素α-1b雾化吸入,2.0 μg·kg^-1,2次/天,疗程7 d;C组在B组治疗基础上给予静滴人免疫球蛋白400 mg·kg^-1·d^-1,连续使用5 d。统计并比较3组患儿咳嗽、喘憋、呼吸啰音等症状消失时间和疗效指标评分,同时观察记录不良反应情况。结果：经药物治疗后,C组患者临床疗效指标得到明显改善,临床总有效率达91.01%,明显高于A组（66.29%）、B组（71.91%）,差异具有显著性（P<0.05）。C组患儿血清细胞因子与治疗前相比,有明显差异（P<0.05）;与A、B组相比,差异有显著性（P<0.05）。3组患者在治疗结束后,临床不良反应发生情况差异无显著性（P>0.05）。结论：重组人干扰素α-1b雾化吸入联合静滴人免疫球蛋白治疗儿童毛细支气管炎可显著减轻临床症状,缩短症状消失时间,临床安全性较好。     

Bronchiolitis needs a revisit: Distinguishing between virus entities and their treatments

Current data indicate that the “bronchiolitis” diagnosis comprises more than one condition. Clinically, pathophysiologically, and even genetically three main clusters of patients can be identified among children suffering from severe bronchiolitis (or first wheezing episode): (a) respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)‐induced bronchiolitis, characterized by young age of the patient, mechanical obstruction of the airways due to mucus and cell debris, and increased risk of recurrent wheezing. For this illness, an effective prophylactic RSV‐specific monoclonal antibody is available; (b) rhinovirus‐induced wheezing, associated with atopic predisposition of the patient and high risk of subsequent asthma development, which may, however, be reversed with systemic corticosteroids in those with severe illness; and (c) wheeze due to other viruses, characteristically likely to be less frequent and severe. Clinically, it is important to distinguish between these partially overlapping patient groups as they are likely to respond to different treatments. It appears that the first episode of severe bronchiolitis in under 2‐year‐old children is a critical event and an important opportunity for designing secondary prevention strategies for asthma. As data have shown bronchiolitis cannot simply be diagnosed using a certain cutoff age, but instead, as we suggest, using the viral etiology as the differentiating factor.     

布地奈德联合特布他林治疗婴幼儿毛细支气管炎对肺功能及再次喘息的影响

[摘要]目的：探讨布地奈德联合特布他林治疗对婴幼儿毛细支气管炎患儿肺功能和再次喘息的影响。方法：选取2014年3月至2015年10月我院儿科病区住院治疗的126例毛细支气管患儿,采用随机数表法分为对照组和观察组各63例。两组患儿入院后均接受常规治疗,对照组在常规治疗基础上应用布地奈德混悬液氧气驱动雾化吸入治疗,观察组在常规治疗基础上应用布地奈德联合特布他林氧气驱动雾化吸入治疗。比较两组患儿治疗前和治疗3 d后的肺功能指标;治疗7 d后评价两组患儿的治疗效果、临床症状消失时间;随访记录两组患儿1年内发生再次喘息的情况。结果：治疗3 d后,观察组患儿肺功能指标改善情况优于对照组（P<0.05）;治疗7 d后,观察组总有效率93.65%高于对照组的74.60%（P<0.01）,喘憋消失时间、咳嗽消失时间、哮鸣音消失时间、心率恢复正常时间、住院时间均短于对照组（P<0.01）;随访1年,观察组再次喘息发生率17.46%,低于对照组的49.21%（P<0.01）。结论：布地奈德联合特布他林治疗婴幼儿毛细支气管炎,效果显著,可快速缓解症状,改善肺功能,降低喘息复发风险,值得临床推广应用。