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排序方式: 共有1935条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
目的:探讨18kDa转运蛋白(translocator protein,TSPO)是否可以通过激活脊髓背角星形胶质细胞自噬来缓解神经病理性疼痛及其可能的机制。方法:实验分为两部分,第一部分将雄性SD大鼠按随机数字表法分为假手术组(Sham组)、对照组(SNL组)、TSPO受体激动剂Ro5-4864处理组(Ro组);第二部分将脊神经结扎模型(spinal nerve ligation,SNL)术后的雄性SD大鼠随机分为TSPO受体激动剂Ro5-4864处理组(Ro组)和自噬诱导剂Rapamycin处理组(Rap组)。采用von Frey纤维丝测量大鼠50%机械缩足反射阈值(mechanical withdrawal threshold,MWT),在术后第7天(D7)、14天(D14)取损伤侧脊髓样本,采用蛋白印迹技术检测自噬相关蛋白Beclin1、LC3、p62及通路蛋白PGC-1α,采用免疫荧光检测LC3在脊髓背角星形胶质细胞的表达。结果:第一部分实验结果:与Sham组相比,SNL组50%MWT从术后第1天开始明显下降,持续到观察结束,脊髓Beclin1、LC3、p62表达明显升高(P<0.01),脊髓PGC-1α表达明显降低,脊髓背角星形胶质细胞LC3表达信号增强;与SNL组相比,Ro组50%MWT在D7、D14明显升高,Ro组脊髓Beclin1、LC3表达明显升高(P<0.01),p62蛋白含量先升高后降低,PGC-1α持续升高,显著高于同时间SNL组(P<0.01)。第二部分实验结果:与Ro组相比,Rap组50%MWT在D7降低,Rap组脊髓D14 Beclin1及D7、D14 LC3差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论:鞘内注射TSPO受体激动剂Ro5-4864能显著缓解神经病理性疼痛,其涉及机制之一可能为通过激活PGC-1α相关途径,而后激活脊髓背角星形胶质细胞的自噬。  相似文献   
2.
Addiction is a devastating disorder that produces persistent maladaptive changes to the central nervous system, including glial cells. Although there is an extensive body of literature examining the neuronal mechanisms of substance use disorders, effective therapies remain elusive. Glia, particularly microglia and astrocytes, have an emerging and meaningful role in a variety of processes beyond inflammation and immune surveillance, and may represent a promising therapeutic target. Indeed, glia actively modulate neurotransmission, synaptic connectivity and neural circuit function, and are critically poised to contribute to addictive‐like brain states and behaviors. In this review, we argue that glia influence the cellular, molecular, and synaptic changes that occur in neurons following drug exposure, and that this cellular relationship is critically modified following drug exposure. We discuss direct actions of abused drugs on glial function through immune receptors, such as Toll‐like receptor 4, as well as other mechanisms. We highlight how drugs of abuse affect glia‐neural communication, and the profound effects that glial‐derived factors have on neuronal excitability, structure, and function. Recent research demonstrates that glia have brain region‐specific functions, and glia in different brain regions have distinct contributions to drug‐associated behaviors. We will also evaluate the evidence demonstrating that glial activation is essential for drug reward and drug‐induced dopamine release, and highlight clinical evidence showing that glial mechanisms contribute to drug abuse liability. In this review, we synthesize the extensive evidence that glia have a unique, pivotal, and underappreciated role in the development and maintenance of addiction.  相似文献   
3.
4.
目的 观察并比较3种不同方法制备的通窍活血汤对脑缺血再灌注损伤(CIRI)大鼠的保护作用,并从星形胶质细胞谷氨酸(Glu)代谢通路探讨其作用机制。方法 选用SPF级雄性SD大鼠,以改良线栓法建立CIRI模型,将造模成功的大鼠随机分为模型组、通窍活血汤水煎组、通窍活血汤酒煎组、通窍活血汤醇提组,并设假手术组,分别给予对应药物灌胃,连续治疗7 d。通窍活血汤3个组的灌胃剂量为6.3 g·kg-1·d-1,假手术组和模型组给予同体积生理盐水灌胃。末次灌胃结束后,以神经功能缺损评分(mNSS)检测大鼠神经功能恢复情况,苏木素-伊红(HE)染色观察缺血脑组织的形态学变化,高效液相色谱法(HPLC)检测大鼠缺血脑组织中Glu含量的变化,免疫组织荧光法检测缺血脑组织中谷氨酸转运体-1(GLT-1)和胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)及谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)和GFAP的共表达情况;蛋白免疫印迹法(Western blot)检测缺血脑组织中GFAP,GLT-1和GS蛋白的表达情况。结果 与假手术组比较,模型组大鼠mNSS评分显著升高(P<0.01),缺血脑组织皮质大片坏死,细胞排列紊乱、边界模糊,出现细胞水肿及炎性浸润;缺血脑组织中Glu的含量显著增加(P<0.01),GLT-1与GFAP共表达及GS与GFAP共表达显著降低(P<0.01),GFAP蛋白表达显著升高(P<0.01),GLT-1,GS蛋白表达明显降低(P<0.05,P<0.01);与模型组比较,3种方法制备的通窍活血组mNSS评分均显著降低(P<0.01),大鼠缺血脑组织皮质及海马神经细胞的损伤程度均有所减轻;缺血脑组织中Glu的含量均明显减少(P<0.05,P<0.01),GLT-1与GFAP共表达均明显升高(P<0.05,P<0.01),GFAP,GLT-1蛋白表达均明显升高(P<0.05,P<0.01),通窍活血汤酒煎组、通窍活血汤醇提组GS与GFAP共表达明显增加(P<0.05,P<0.01),GS蛋白的表达显著升高(P<0.01)。与通窍活血汤水煎组比较,通窍活血汤醇提组GLT-1和GFAP共表达及GS和GFAP共表达明显增加(P<0.05),通窍活血汤酒煎组、通窍活血汤醇提组GS蛋白表达明显升高(P<0.05),通窍活血汤醇提组Glu含量显著降低(P<0.01),GFAP,GLT-1蛋白表达明显升高(P<0.05,P<0.01);与通窍活血汤酒煎组比较,通窍活血汤醇提组GFAP,GLT-1蛋白表达升高(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论 3种方式制备的通窍活血汤皆可改善CIRI大鼠的神经功能,其作用可能通过促进星形胶质细胞的进一步活化,增加GLT-1和GS表达,促进星形胶质细胞通过Glu-Gln循环清除突触间隙中Glu的过度堆积,降低Glu兴奋性毒性作用而实现。通窍活血汤醇提组在降低缺血脑组织Glu含量、促进星形胶质细活化、增强GLT-1和GS蛋白表达方面优于通窍活血汤酒煎组、通窍活血汤水煎组。  相似文献   
5.
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) play key roles in intercellular signaling in the brain. Their effects on cellular function have been largely studied in neurons, but their functional consequences on astrocytes are less known. Using both endogenous and chemogenetic approaches with DREADDs, we have investigated the effects of Gq and Gi/o GPCR activation on astroglial Ca2+-based activity, gliotransmitter release, and the functional consequences on neuronal electrical activity. We found that while GqGPCR activation led to cellular activation in both neurons and astrocytes, Gi/oGPCR activation led to cellular inhibition in neurons and cellular activation in astrocytes. Astroglial activation by either Gq or Gi/o protein-mediated signaling stimulated gliotransmitter release, which increased neuronal excitability. Additionally, activation of Gq and Gi/o DREADDs in vivo increased astrocyte Ca2+ activity and modified neuronal network electrical activity. Present results reveal additional complexity of the signaling consequences of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters in astroglia-neuron network operation and brain function.  相似文献   
6.
目的 探讨丹参多酚酸(Salvianolate Acid,SAL)和三七总皂苷(Panax Notoginseng Saponins,PNS)合用保护氧糖剥夺/复氧复糖(Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation/Reoxygenation,OGD/R)损伤后星形胶质细胞线粒体、促进神经营养因子表达的作用及机制。方法 大鼠星形胶质细胞原代培养,建立OGD/R损伤模型。Cell counting kit-8(CCK-8)法检测星形胶质细胞活力,流式细胞仪检测活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)释放量、胞内Ca2+ 浓度、线粒体膜电位(mitochondrial membrane potential,MMP)变化,实时定量PCR(real time polymerase chain reaction,RT-PCR)和蛋白质免疫印迹(western blot,WB)法检测HIF-1α、PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路蛋白及脑源性神经营养因子(brain-derived neurotrophic factor,BDNF)、神经生长因子(nerve growth factor,NGF)、胰岛素样生长因子(insulin-like growth factors,IGF-1α)的表达情况。结果 胶质细胞OGD/R条件确定为OGD4h/R24h,给药浓度确定为SAL 25 μg·mL-1、PNS 6.25 μg·mL-1。与OGD/R组相比,SAL 25 μg·mL-1、PNS 6.25 μg·mL-1、SAL 25 μg·mL-1与PNS 6.25 μg·mL-1合用均能增强损伤后星形胶质细胞活力(P<0.05),升高MMP,降低ROS释放量(P<0.05),降低损伤后星形胶质细胞HIF-1α蛋白和mRNA的表达,升高磷脂酰肌醇激酶(PI3K)磷酸化水平(P<0.05);SAL还可升高mTOR蛋白磷酸化水平(P<0.05),PNS可提高Akt磷酸化水平(P<0.05),增加损伤星形胶质细胞BDNF mRNA 表达(P<0.05);SAL、SAL与PNS合用能增加损伤后星形胶质细胞 BDNF、NGF、IGF-1α mRNA 表达(P<0.05)。结论 丹参多酚酸和三七总皂苷组分合用可保护OGD/R损伤后星形胶质细胞线粒体、促进胶质细胞表达神经营养因子BDNF、NGF、IGF-1α。  相似文献   
7.
It has been proposed that the combinatorial expression of γ-protocadherins (Pcdh-γs) and other clustered protocadherins (Pcdhs) provides a code of molecular identity and individuality to neurons, which plays a major role in the establishment of specific synaptic connectivity and formation of neuronal circuits. Particular attention has been directed to the Pcdh-γ family, for which experimental evidence derived from Pcdh-γ-deficient mice shows that they are involved in dendrite self-avoidance, synapse development, dendritic arborization, spine maturation, and prevention of apoptosis of some neurons. Moreover, a triple-mutant mouse deficient in the three C-type members of the Pcdh-γ family (Pcdh-γC3, Pcdh-γC4, and Pcdh-γC5) shows a phenotype similar to the mouse deficient in whole Pcdh-γ family, indicating that the latter is largely due to the absence of C-type Pcdh-γs. The role of each individual C-type Pcdh-γ is not known. We have developed a specific antibody to Pcdh-γC4 to reveal the expression of this protein in the rat brain. The results show that although Pcdh-γC4 is expressed at higher levels in the embryo and earlier postnatal weeks, it is also expressed in the adult rat brain. Pcdh-γC4 is expressed in both neurons and astrocytes. In the adult brain, the regional distribution of Pcdh-γC4 immunoreactivity is similar to that of Pcdh-γC4 mRNA, being highest in the olfactory bulb, dentate gyrus, and cerebellum. Pcdh-γC4 forms puncta that are frequently apposed to glutamatergic and GABAergic synapses. They are also frequently associated with neuron-astrocyte contacts. The results provide new insights into the cell recognition function of Pcdh-γC4 in neurons and astrocytes.  相似文献   
8.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder characterized by upper and lower motor neuron degeneration, which leads to progressive paralysis of skeletal muscles and, ultimately, respiratory failure between 2–5 years after symptom onset. Unfortunately, currently accepted treatments for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are extremely scarce and only provide modest benefit. As a consequence, a great effort is being done by the scientific community in order to achieve a better understanding of the different molecular and cellular processes that influence the progression and/or outcome of this neuropathological condition and, therefore, unravel new potential targets for therapeutic intervention. Interestingly, a growing number of experimental evidences have recently shown that, besides its well-known physiological roles in the developing and adult central nervous system, the Wnt family of proteins is involved in different neuropathologica conditions, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. These proteins are able to modulate, at least, three different signaling pathways, usually known as canonical(β-catenin dependent) and non-canonical(β-catenin independent) signaling pathways. In the present review, we aim to provide a general overview of the current knowledge that supports the relationship between the Wnt family of proteins and its associated signaling pathways and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis pathology, as well as their possible mechanisms of action. Altogether, the currently available knowledge suggests that Wnt signaling modulation might be a promising therapeutic approach to ameliorate the histopathological and functional deficits associated to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and thus improve the progression and outcome of this neuropathology.  相似文献   
9.
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a deadly disease with a need for deeper understanding and new therapeutic approaches. The microenvironment of glioblastoma has previously been shown to guide glioblastoma progression. In this study, astrocytes were investigated with regard to their effect on glioblastoma proliferation through correlative analyses of clinical samples and experimental in vitro and in vivo studies. Co-culture techniques were used to investigate the GBM growth enhancing potential of astrocytes. Cell sorting and RNA sequencing were used to generate a GBM-associated astrocyte signature and to investigate astrocyte-induced GBM genes. A NOD scid GBM mouse model was used for in vivo studies. A gene signature reflecting GBM-activated astrocytes was associated with poor prognosis in the TCGA GBM dataset. Two genes, periostin and serglycin, induced in GBM cells upon exposure to astrocytes were expressed at higher levels in cases with high “astrocyte signature score”. Astrocytes were shown to enhance glioblastoma cell growth in cell lines and in a patient-derived culture, in a manner dependent on cell–cell contact and involving increased cell proliferation. Furthermore, co-injection of astrocytes with glioblastoma cells reduced survival in an orthotopic GBM model in NOD scid mice. In conclusion, this study suggests that astrocytes contribute to glioblastoma growth and implies this crosstalk as a candidate target for novel therapies.  相似文献   
10.
Hans Lassmann 《Glia》2020,68(4):830-844
Numerous recent studies have been performed to elucidate the function of microglia, macrophages, and astrocytes in inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system. Regarding myeloid cells a core pattern of activation has been identified, starting with the activation of resident homeostatic microglia followed by recruitment of blood borne myeloid cells. An initial state of proinflammatory activation is at later stages followed by a shift toward an-anti-inflammatory and repair promoting phenotype. Although this core pattern is similar between experimental models and inflammatory conditions in the human brain, there are important differences. Even in the normal human brain a preactivated microglia phenotype is evident, and there are disease specific and lesion stage specific differences in the contribution between resident and recruited myeloid cells and their lesion state specific activation profiles. Reasons for these findings reside in species related differences and in differential exposure to different environmental cues. Most importantly, however, experimental rodent studies on brain inflammation are mainly focused on autoimmune encephalomyelitis, while there is a very broad spectrum of human inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system, triggered and propagated by a variety of different immune mechanisms.  相似文献   
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