高浓度瘦素自分泌诱导脂肪细胞瘦素抵抗的研究

目的:观察高浓度瘦素对人脂肪细胞分解代谢及脂肪蓄积的直接影响,探讨瘦素自分泌调节在肥胖发生中的作用。方法:取正常成人皮下脂肪组织,常规提取和培养前脂肪细胞,待细胞融合后诱导分化为脂肪细胞后分为二组:低浓度组、高浓度组;分别培养于瘦素终浓度为100ng/ml、1000ng/ml的培养液a中。于培养48h、72h收集培养液检测游离脂肪酸和甘油的浓度,取脂肪细胞行油红O染色并图像分析计算脂肪细胞中脂肪颗粒的积分光密度。结果:与低浓度组相比,瘦素作用48h、72h后,高浓度组培养液中游离脂肪酸浓度均下降[(0.16711±0.011900)mmol/L VS(0.20589±0.008738)mmol/L,(0.17544±0.013920)mmol/L VS(0.23567±0.026220)mmol/L,甘油含量均减少(28.1733±0.91377)μmol/L VS(30.2456±0.30084)μmol/L,(28.9367±0.79530)μmol/L VS(31.8567±0.79024)μmol/L],而脂肪颗粒积分光密度则升高(461136.89±12049.947 VS418570.33±5668.129,441566.56±5921.602 VS 390133.67±7001.304)。结论:高浓度瘦素长时程作用脂肪细胞,可延缓脂肪分解代谢,增加脂肪蓄积。高浓度瘦素经自分泌诱导脂肪细胞产生瘦素抵抗,可能对肥胖发生有重要影响。     

Chronic administration of theophylline to rats induces a post-insulin binding defect in adipocyte glucose transport

Summary To determine whether adenosine is involved in long-term regulation of glucose transport in adipose tissue, we have investigated effects of administration of an adenosine receptor antagonist (theophylline) on adipocyte glucose transport. Rats were injected with theophylline (30 mg/kg, dissolved in 0.9% NaCl) daily for 7 days. Controls were injected with saline. The rats were then killed, and epididymal adipocytes were isolated. Insulin-stimulated glucose transport rates were decreased by about 25%–30% in the cells from theophylline-treated rats at all insulin concentrations tested. The half-maximally effective concentration of insulin was not altered (6.5±0.5 and 6.7±0.5 mU/l in control and treated cells respectively), suggesting a post-insulin binding defect. This was confirmed by the finding that ¹²⁵I-insulin binding to the cells was not altered. Adenosine receptor number and affinity (measured on detergent-solubilized adipocyte extracts using ¹²⁵I-hydroxyphenylisopropyl adenosine) was also not changed by theophylline treatment. We conclude that theophylline administration causes decreased glucose transport rates in rat adipocytes at a post-insulin binding level. Thus, chronic adenosine receptor blockade impairs adipocyte glucose transport, suggesting that adenosine is involved in long-term regulation of glucose metabolism in adipose tissue.     

非诺贝特对培养的兔脂肪细胞表达凝血和纤溶因子的影响

目的探讨非诺贝特对培养的兔脂肪细胞表达组织因子(TF)和纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂1(PAI-1)的影响.方法取正常兔脂肪组织分离培养脂肪细胞,以不同浓度(分别为0,1,10和100μmol/L)非诺贝特孵育兔脂肪细胞24 h后收集细胞.RT-PCR测定脂肪细胞TF和PAI-1 mRNA表达.用ELISA方法测定TF和PAI-1浓度.结果不同浓度非诺贝特均可抑制兔脂肪组织细胞TF和PAI-1的表达和蛋白产生,其抑制作用呈浓度依赖性增强.在非诺贝特10μmol/L培养时兔脂肪细胞TF和PAI-1 mRNA分别为(0.504±0.016)和(1.500±0.096),明显低于对照[分别为(0.579±0.018)和(1.607±0.063),均P＜0.01].在非诺贝特100μmol/L培养时兔脂肪细胞TF和PAI-1 mRNA分别为(0.451±0.023)和(1.269±0.084),与对照比显著降低(均P＜0.001).结论非诺贝特能抑制兔脂肪细胞TF和PAI-1 mRNA和蛋白的表达,提示非诺贝特可能具有独立于降脂作用外的抗血栓作用.     

重组人白细胞介素6对SW872脂肪细胞增殖和凋亡的影响

目的　探讨白细胞介素 6(IL 6)对SW872脂肪细胞增殖及凋亡的影响。方法　体外培养SW872脂肪细胞 ,0 .6mmol/L油酸诱导SW872前脂肪细胞分化 ,化学比色法检测细胞内三酰甘油的总量 ;油红O染色观察细胞内脂肪的聚积 ;MTT法检测不同浓度IL 6对SW872前脂肪细胞增殖活力的影响 ;流式细胞仪分析IL 6对SW872成熟脂肪细胞凋亡的影响。结果　 0 .6mmol/L油酸刺激 72h ,几乎 10 0 %SW872前脂肪细胞分化为成熟的脂肪细胞 ,细胞内三酰甘油的含量明显增加 ,油红O染色胞浆内可见丰富的脂滴 ;5 μg/LIL 6对SW872前脂肪细胞的增殖没有影响 ,10～ 5 0 μg/LIL 6明显抑制SW872前脂肪细胞的增殖 ;IL 6对SW872成熟脂肪细胞的凋亡无影响。结论　IL 6能明显抑制SW872前脂肪细胞的增殖 ,其抑制效应呈剂量依赖性 ,表明IL 6可能与肥胖有关 ,高剂量IL 6可降低肥胖的程度。     

基于IRS-1/PI3K/AKT/GLUT4通路探讨二苯乙烯类化合物改善胰岛素抵抗作用机制

[目的] 探讨3种中药（虎杖、桑白皮、何首乌）来源的二苯乙烯类化合物改善胰岛素抵抗（IR）的作用机制。[方法] 利用肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）作用于3T3-L1脂肪细胞96 h建立IR细胞模型;采用噻唑蓝（MTT）法检测二苯乙烯类化合物白藜芦醇（RES）、虎杖苷（PD）、桑皮苷A（Mul A）、2,3,5,4’-四羟基二苯乙烯-2-O-β-D-葡糖糖苷（THSG）对脂肪细胞生存率的影响;葡萄糖氧化酶法检测细胞培养基上清液中葡萄糖含量;采用蛋白免疫印迹（Western Blot）法检测胰岛素受体底物-1（IRS-1）、磷酸化IRS-1（p-IRS-1）、磷脂酰肌醇-3激酶（PI3K）、磷酸化PI3K（p-PI3K）、蛋白激酶B（AKT）、磷酸化AKT（p-AKT）、葡萄糖转运体4（GLUT4）的蛋白表达水平;采用实时定量荧光聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）法检测GLUT4 mRNA表达水平。[结果] 与空白对照组相比,模型组的葡萄糖消耗量显著下降,模型组的p-IRS-1（Ser307）蛋白表达显著增加,p-PI3K、p-AKT（Ser473）、GLUT4蛋白表达显著下降,模型组GLUT4 mRNA表达显著降低;与模型组相比,RES、Mul A、THSG组的葡萄糖消耗量显著增加,PD组的葡萄糖消耗量无明显变化,Mul A、THSG组均能显著逆转p-IRS-1（Ser307）、p-PI3K、p-AKT（Ser473）、GLUT4的蛋白表达,RES仅能够逆转p-IRS-1（Ser307）、GLUT4的蛋白表达;与模型组相比,THSG组GLUT4 mRNA表达显著增加。[结论] Mul A、THSG能够通过IRS-1/PI3K/AKT/GLUT4信号通路改善脂肪细胞IR,而RES则通过激活IRS-1和GLUT4,但不通过PI3K/AKT途径发挥改善脂肪细胞IR的作用。PD无降糖活性。     

The cellular structure and lipid/protein composition of adipose tissue surrounding chronically stimulated lymph nodes in rats

To test the hypothesis that chronic immune stimulation of a peripheral lymph node induces the formation of additional mature adipocytes in adjacent adipose tissue, one popliteal lymph node of large male rats was stimulated by local injection of 10 microg or 20 microg lipopolysaccharide three times a week for 6 weeks. Adipocyte volumes in sites defined by their anatomical relations to the stimulated and homologous unstimulated popliteal lymph nodes were measured, plus adipocyte complement of the popliteal depot, and the lipid and protein content of adipocytes and adipose stroma. The higher dose of lipopolysaccharide doubled the mass of the locally stimulated lymph node and the surrounding adipose tissue enlarged by the appearance of additional mature adipocytes. Similar but smaller changes were observed in the popliteal adipose depot of the unstimulated leg and in a nodeless depot. The lipid content of the adipocytes decreased and that of the stroma increased dose-dependently in all samples measured but the changes were consistently greater in the depot surrounding the stimulated lymph node. The protein content of both adipocytes and stroma increased in samples surrounding the stimulated node. We conclude that chronic immune stimulation of lymphoid tissues induces the formation of more adipocytes in the adjacent adipose tissue. These findings suggest a mechanism for the selective hypertrophy of lymphoid-containing adipose depots in the HIV-associated adipose redistribution syndrome.     

The Effect of Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor on the Reversion of Omental Adipocytes from Lean and Obese Patients

Background: this study was designed to characterize some of the biochemical and molecular genetic changes during reversion of human fat cells. Methods: mature adipocytes were isolated from greater omental fat tissue of eight lean and 14 massively obese persons by established methodology. Results: at day 7 of adherence to Leighton tubes, there was appreciable depletion of triacylglycerol, as well as assumption of an elongated contour. Relatedly, there was an increase in the expression of β-actin mRNA and a significant decrease in the specific activity of cytosolic glycerophosphate dehydrogenase. The decrement in the specific activity of glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, after 7 days in culture, was significant at p < 0.001. Basic fibroblast growth factor at 10 ngml^-1 accelerated significantly (p < 0.03) the decrease in the specific activity of glycerophosphate dehydrogenase in adipose cells from lean subjects. In contrast, basic fibroblast growth factor had no significant influence on cells from massively obese persons. Conclusion: such resistance may contribute to the intractability of massive obesity.     

Bisphenol a accelerates terminal differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells into adipocytes through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway.

In order to identify whether bisphenol A (BPA) acts as an adipogenic agent, following the hormonal induction of differentiation into adipocytes, 3T3-L1 cells were treated for six days with BPA alone. Treatment with BPA increased the triacylglycerol (TG) content of the cultures, increased the percentage of Oil Red O-staining cells in the cultures, and increased the levels of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and adipocyte-specific fatty acid binding protein (aP2) mRNAs. These findings indicate that BPA was able to accelerate terminal differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells into adipocytes. LY294002, a chemical inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase), blocked completely the increasing effect of BPA on TG accumulation and expression of LPL and aP2 mRNAs. Western blot analysis revealed that BPA increased the level of phosphorylated Akt kinase. Based on these findings, we concluded that BPA acted through the PI 3-kinase and Akt kinase pathway, resulting in increased TG accumulation and expression of adipocyte genes. The structure-activity relationship for BPA-related chemicals was examined. Eight derivatives of BPA (three diphenylalkanes with different substituents at the central carbon atom, three diphenylalkanes with ester bonds on hydroxyl groups in the phenolic rings, one bisphenol consisting of a sulphur atom at the central position, one chemical with cyanic groups, instead of hydroxyl groups, in the phenolic rings) accelerated terminal adipocyte differentiation and their potencies to increase TG accumulation were 73-97% of that of BPA. Two diphenylalkanes with ether bonds on hydroxyl groups and two alkylphenols (4-nonylphenol and 4-tert-octylphenol) did not have the ability to accelerate terminal adipocyte differentiation.     

高浓度葡萄糖诱导脂肪细胞产生胰岛素抵抗

目的 观察不同浓度的葡萄糖对脂肪细胞葡萄糖转运的影响,探讨建立胰岛素抵抗细胞模型的方法。方法 首先诱导3T3-L1和SW872两株前脂肪细胞分化,然后分别用25.50mmol/L的葡萄糖刺激分化成熟的脂肪细胞．采用2-Deoxy[3^H]-D-glucose掺入法测定脂肪细胞葡萄糖转运,同时测定相应的细胞总蛋白,以每毫克蛋白的衰变数来反映葡萄糖转运的情况。结果 ①胰岛素明显刺激3T3-L1和SW872脂肪细胞的葡萄糖转运．与基础葡萄糖转运相比．差异有显著性意义（P＜0.01）.25、50mmol/L葡萄糖均可影响3TS-L1和SW872脂肪细胞的葡萄糖转运，与基础葡萄糖转运相比，差异有显著性意义（（P＜0.01））②25、50mmol/L。葡萄糖均可影响3T3-L1脂肪细胞的基础葡萄糖转运（P〈0．05）．并减弱胰岛素诱导的葡萄糖转运（P〈0．01）．但高糖组之间差异无显著性意义，③25、50mmol/L葡葡糖对SW872脂肪细胞的基础葡萄糖转运无明显影响（P〉0．05）．但能减弱胰岛素诱导的葡萄糖转运（P＜ 0．01）。结论 高糖可以诱导3T3-L1和SW872两株脂肪细胞产生胰岛素抵抗．为深入研究胰岛素抵抗的发生、发展提供了新的细胞模型。