平顶山市8岁学龄儿童患龋状况及影响因素分析

目的 了解平顶山市8岁学龄儿童龋病流行状况,探讨影响龋病发生发展的危险因素。 方法 参考“第三次全国口腔健康调查”的标准,采用分层整群抽样的方法,对1 762名适龄儿童进行口腔检查和问卷调查。 结果 平顶山市8岁学龄儿童患龋率84.68%,龋均4.79,城乡结合区域及农村儿童患龋率和龋均明显高于城市,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);乳、恒牙患龋率分别为83.65%、25.77%;城乡类型(OR=22.42)、家庭收入(OR=10.21)、睡前是否有吃零食习惯(OR=8.01)、吃完零食是否刷牙(OR=6.00)、进食甜食频率(OR=8.28)、刷牙方法(OR=8.88)、家长是否检查刷牙效果(OR=9.15)是影响患龋率的因素。 结论 平顶山市农村及城乡结合区域儿童患龋率较高,应加强口腔健康教育和龋病预防控制工作。     

A new analytical cut-off point for determining 18 years of age using MRI on medial clavicular epiphysis

Evaluation of the ossification of the medial clavicular epiphysis plays a key role in forensic age estimation. The purpose of the present study was to assess a new numerical cut-off at the age of 18 years, taking into consideration Magnetic Resonance (MR) images of the medial clavicular epiphysis. We analyzed 163 MR scans of Italian subjects aged between 14 and 25 years. Using the data obtained we calculated two ratios: REM-1 (ratio between the length of the whole epiphysis and the length of the metaphysis) and REM-2 (ratio between the length of epiphyseal-metaphyseal fusion and the length of the metaphysis). In 68 out of 163 cases it was not possible to measure REM-2. The reproducibility was demonstrated using the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) (Cronbach’s alpha > 0.80). REM-1 and REM-2 were compared in each category of age (adult and minor) by the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The cut-off points for measurements of REM-1 and REM-2 were determined by logistic regression. For REM-1, the cut-off scores were 0.83 for all individuals (accuracy = 94.77%) and males (accuracy = 96.05%), and 0.86 for females (accuracy = 92.30%). For REM-2, the cut-off values were 0.40 for all individuals and males (accuracy = 100.00%), and 0.41 for females (accuracy = 100.00%). Finally, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for age classification based on REM-1 and REM-2 were constructed, showing that REM-2 had the highest discriminative power. Thus, a new cut-off model for predicting the age of majority has been introduced, conducting a quantitative analysis thanks to the use of a high-resolution imaging tool.     

Cost-utility analysis of four common surgical treatment pathways for breast cancer

BackgroundThe aim was to evaluate the cost-utility of four common surgical treatment pathways for breast cancer: mastectomy, breast-conserving therapy (BCT), implant breast reconstruction (BR) and autologous-BR.MethodsPatient-level healthcare consumption data and results of a large quality of life (QoL) study from five Dutch hospitals were combined. The cost-effectiveness was assessed in terms of incremental costs and quality adjusted life years (QALYs) over a 10-year follow-up period. Costs were assessed from a healthcare provider perspective.ResultsBCT resulted in comparable QoL with lower costs compared to implant-BR and autologous-BR and showed better QoL with higher costs than mastectomy (€17,246/QALY). QoL outcomes and costs of especially autologous-BR were affected by the relatively high occurrence of complications. If reconstruction following mastectomy was performed, implant-BR was more cost-effective than autologous-BR.ConclusionThe occurrence of complications had a substantial effect on costs and QoL outcomes of different surgical pathways for breast cancer. When this was taken into account, BCT was most the cost-effective treatment. Even with higher costs and a higher risk of complications, implant-BR and autologous-BR remained cost-effective over mastectomy. This pleas for adapting surgical pathways to individual patient preferences in the trade-off between the risks of complications and expected outcomes.     

黄芪药材性状和化学特征与绝对生长年限的相关性分析研究

目的通过分析黄芪AstragaliRadix药材的性状以及黄酮类化学成分与绝对生长年限的相关性,明确黄芪根的生长年限是引起黄芪药材性状和化学差异性的主要因素。方法收集不同产地、不同等级的黄芪药材,对其外观形态定性描述,长度、直径定量测定,并采用徒手切片法观察不同等级仿野生芪的生长年限分布,观察其分布规律。采用UPLC-UV法,色谱柱为Ultimate C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),柱温30℃,体积流量为1 mL/min,检测波长230 nm,进样量20μL,乙腈-水梯度洗脱,建立了24批不同产地黄芪药材黄酮类成分HPLC-UV指纹图谱,并对不同等级仿野生芪和栽培芪5种黄酮类成分进行含量测定。结果将不同生长方式的黄芪药材划分为仿野生芪和栽培芪2个规格。特等黄芪主要是5年以上生长年限的根段,一等主要是4～5年生的根段,二等主要是3～4年生的根段,三等主要是2～3年生的根段,四等主要是1～2年生的根段。不同产地、不同等级黄芪指纹图谱中指认出5个共有峰,采用相似度评价软件分析,以仿野生芪图谱为参照,仿野生芪样品相似度为0.892～0.994,栽培芪样品相似度为0.274～0.531,主成分分析和聚类分析均显示仿野生芪和栽培芪可以明显分成2类。仿野生芪5种黄酮类成分含量明显高于栽培芪,仿野生芪(除特等外)总黄酮含量与等级(或直径、年限)呈正相关,栽培芪与等级不相关。结论本研究为黄芪药材商品规格等级标准的制定提供科学依据,为进一步构建黄芪药材质量等级标准奠定基础。     

Nutritional status and intestinal parasites among young children from pastoralist communities of the Ethiopian Somali region

Pastoralist children in the Ethiopian Somali Regional State (ESRS) are at high risk for undernutrition and intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs). We assessed the nutritional status and its association with IPIs in 500 children <5 years of age in a clustered cross‐sectional study in Adadle district, ESRS. Stool samples were microscopically examined for IPIs and biomarkers for iron and vitamin A status, anthropometry, and food variety score (FVS) were assessed. Median (interquartile range [IQR]) FVS was 2.0 (2.0, 4.0), and 35% of children were exclusively breastfed up to age 6 months. Prevalence of stunting, wasting, underweight and mid‐upper arm circumference (MUAC) <12.5 cm was 30, 34, 40, and 16%, respectively. Median (IQR) haemoglobin, ferritin, and retinol‐binding protein concentrations were 9.5 g dL^‐1 (8.2, 10.9), 6.2 μg L^‐1 (4.0, 10.2), and 0.8 μmol L^?1 (0.67, 0.91), respectively. Prevalence of anaemia, iron, and vitamin A deficiency was 75, 91, and 30%, respectively. IPIs' prevalence was 47%; the most prevalent IPIs were Giardia lamblia (22%) and Ascaris lumbricoides (15%). Giardial infections but not A. lumbricoides increased the risk for MUAC <12.5 cm (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 3.50, 95% confidence interval [CI] [2.21, 5.54]). The odds for anaemia were 97% (aOR: 0.03, 95% CI [0.03, 0.07]) and 89% (aOR: 0.11, 95% CI [0.11, 0.23]) less for children with FVS >2 or with exclusive breastfeeding up to 6 months, respectively. Undernutrition and IPIs are alarmingly high in <5 years of age children in ESRS. Giardial infections and low nutritional adequacy of the diet seem to be major contributing factors to the precarious nutritional status and should be addressed by appropriate interventions.