A guide to oral vaccination: Highlighting electrospraying as a promising manufacturing technique toward a successful oral vaccine development

Most vaccines approved by regulatory bodies are administered via intramuscular or subcutaneous injections and have shortcomings, such as the risk of needle-associated blood infections, pain and swelling at the injection site. Orally administered vaccines are of interest, as they elicit both systemic and mucosal immunities, in which mucosal immunity would neutralize the mucosa invading pathogen before the onset of an infection. Hence, oral vaccination can eliminate the injection associated adverse effects and enhance the person's compliance. Conventional approaches to manufacturing oral vaccines, such as coacervation, spray drying, and membrane emulsification, tend to alter the structural proteins in vaccines that result from high temperature, organic and toxic solvents during production. Electrohydrodynamic processes, specifically electrospraying, could solve these challenges, as it also modulates antigen release and has a high loading efficiency. This review will highlight the mucosal immunity and biological basis of the gastrointestinal immune system, different oral vaccine delivery approaches, and the application of electrospraying in vaccines development.     

肺癌早期诊断方法的研究进展

目的 肺癌是全球发病率及死亡率最高的恶性肿瘤，患者5年生存率仍低于20%，提高早期诊断及筛查至关重要，本文对肺癌早期诊断方法进行文献综述。方法 检索PubMed、知网、万方、维普等数据库，选择与肺癌筛查相关的文献，进一步选择如CT、核磁共振、MiRNA、自身抗体等文献，提炼其相关结果结论。结果 肺癌早期诊断方法较多，每一种诊断方法均有其优缺点。结论 目前尚无任何一种技术被证实能独立完成早期肺癌的筛查，需要将目前早期诊断技术加以优化组合，以提高早期肺癌的诊断率。     

重症脑出血微创术后下呼吸道感染病原学分析

目的:重症脑出血微创术后气管切开病人痰培养病原菌分布与耐药情况分析,其院内感染发生的原因、探讨防治对策。方法:应用痰培养检出的病原菌及耐药性分析。结果:重症脑出血微创术后气管切开病人下呼吸道感染41例,其中G-杆菌26例占63.4%,G 球菌15例占36.6%,其中金葡菌11例,药敏仍以敏感菌株为主,但耐药菌株有增多趋势。结论:重症脑出血微创术后气管切开病人下呼吸道感染以G-杆菌为主,G 球菌以金葡菌为主,仍以敏感菌珠为主,耐药有增多趋势。万古霉素对G 球菌,氨曲南对G-杆菌敏感性较敏感,故在培养结果未出来之前经验用药是非常重要的。     

头皮发际区微针法治疗糖尿病周围神经病变的临床研究

目的观察头皮发际区微针法治疗糖尿病周围神经病变的临床疗效。方法将60例糖尿病周围神经病变患者随机分为2组。治疗组30例用头皮发际区微针法,每日1次。对照组30例用甲钴胺0.5mg,每日早晚各1次口服。2组均60d为1个疗程,1个疗程后统计疗效,并检测血浆内皮素（ET）和一氧化氮（NO）含量。结果治疗组总有效率86.67%,对照组总有效率90.00%,2组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。2组治疗前后血浆ET和NO含量比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05） 2组治疗前后血浆ET和NO含量差值比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论头皮发际区微针法对于糖尿病周围神经病变患者具有确切疗效,其治疗机制与调节ET和NO平衡失调,改善血液循环状态相关。     

肿瘤微血管密度与肝癌病理及预后关系

目的 探讨肿瘤微血管密度（MVD）与肝细胞性肝癌临床病理及预后的关系。方法对30例肝细胞性肝癌根治性切除病理组织切片进行苏木精伊红染色．并用CD34单克隆抗体进行免疫组化染色，计数被CD34抗体染色的肿瘤血管内皮细胞数，以测定MVD。对MVD与临床病理因素及术后生存率关系进行分析。结果 单因素分析结果表明．MVD水平与肿瘤大小、TNM分期都是影响肝细胞性肝癌预后的因素；多因素分析结果表明．肝癌大小及肿瘤分期是肝细胞性肝癌独立预后因素。结论 MVD是肝细胞性肝癌一种预后因素。     

银杏叶提取物活血通络作用的药效学研究

目的：观察银杏叶提取物(EGb)的活血通络功效。方法：小鼠耳廓微循环实验、胶原蛋白-肾上腺素诱导的小鼠体内血栓形成实验、大鼠血液流变学实验及离体兔耳灌流实验。结果：银杏叶提取物经口给药．能显著改善小鼠耳廓微循环，抑制胶原蛋白-肾上腺素诱导的小鼠体内血栓形成，降低大鼠血液粘度，并能显著扩张离体兔耳血管。结论：银杏叶提取物有显著的活血化瘀功效。     

海藻酸钙微胶珠的载药性能优化

利用高压静电法制备了海藻酸钙微胶珠，以牛血红蛋白作为模型药物，考察了牛血红蛋白（Hb）的稳定性、制备条件对微胶珠载药的影响。结果表明：Hb在10℃下能稳定存在，1．8％（w／v）Na-Alg与4．5％（w／v）CaCl2制备的微胶珠载药量较大，真空干燥的微胶殊彼此粘连破坏严重，冷冻干燥则表面出现明显的内陷，乙醇梯度洗脱-真空干燥球形度较好。水凝胶态的微胶珠载药后球形度完好，是理想的载药方式，24h时载药量达28．4％，为干燥后的2～3倍。     

早期胃癌的双对比造影诊断

目的 :研究早期胃癌双对比造影 ( DC) X线特征 ,以提高准确检出率。　方法 :分析 42例早期胃癌 (包括始发阶段小胃癌及微小胃癌 )患者 DC像与手术切除后标本病理进行对照比较。　结果 :龛影口部和表面结节状改变 ,周围无一定规律的粘膜纠集 ,胃壁毛糙、僵直、凹陷、双边、边缘毛刺征 ,微皱襞的破坏和粗糙、充盈缺损是早期胃癌的重要特征。　结论 :早期胃癌 DC特征典型 ,结合粘膜法、充盈法和压迫法与胃镜密切配合可有效地提高准确的检出率     

所有权与经营权分离是城市公立医院改革和发展的途径

传统卫生管理体制承袭了计划经济的所有特征,价格扭曲的宏观政策环境、资源的集中计划配置体制与公立医院在微观上的缺乏经营自主权三者并存.这种制度安排越来越不适应市场经济条件下卫生改革和发展的需要,而卫生经济体制改革始自微观经营机制,核心是两权分离和放权让利,这是自然的,同时也是正确的改革方向.     

Myocutaneous v/s micro vascular free flaps in oral cavity reconstruction - a comparative study

Micro vascular free tissue transfer scores over the traditional myocutaneous flaps by providing better cosmesis and function. However, the increased operating tine and costs and the necessity for two operating teams sometimes, negate these advantages and even where this facility is freely available, myoentancous flaps continue to be widely used. To determine the ideal choice of reconstruction in patients after oral resection, we compared our experience with these two methods of reconstruction. Since 1997, when we first started micro vascular reconstruction, 17 patients have undergone this procedure for oral reconstruction. During this same period, 40 patients had pectoralis major myocutaneous flap reconstruction of the oral cavity. These two groups are compared with regard to cosmetic and functional results (as measured by patient’s level of satisfaction) operating time, duration of hospitalization, cost and complications. Results: Eightv seven percent of the patients in the micro vascular group and 75% in the myocutaneous group were satisfied with the cosmetic and functional results. In the microvascular group, average operating time was increased by 4 hours; hospitalization by 3 days and average cost of treatment was doubled. Flap failures and re-explorations were significantly higher in the micro vascular group. Based on these results, we would like to suggest the ideal method of reconstruction of the oral cavity in specific subgroups of patients in a corporate hospital setting.